{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:08:50Z","timestamp":1789567730084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0201\/0082\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0201\/0082\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["0201\/0082\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0201\/0082\/19"]}]},{"name":"University Research Association for Waste Recovery, especially from the Automotive Industry","award":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV\u201322\u20130034"]}]},{"name":"University Research Association for Waste Recovery, especially from the Automotive Industry","award":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0027\/24"]}]},{"name":"University Research Association for Waste Recovery, especially from the Automotive Industry","award":["0201\/0082\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0201\/0082\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the article was to test new types of rubber-containing particleboards created from waste materials, which positively contributes to environmental protection, saving primary resources and reducing production costs. This article focuses on the study of three-layer particleboards made from wood particles (spruce non-treated beams) and waste rubber granulates (tires, mixture of seals and carpets, internal flammable cables, external non-flammable cables). Urea\u2013formaldehyde glue, melamine\u2013formaldehyde glue, paraffin emulsion, and ammonium nitrate were used as a binders and excipients in the manufacturing of particleboards. In the core layer of each particleboard, 10% of the weight was made up of rubber granulate. Physical properties (density, water absorption, thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, screw driving torque) were assessed from this perspective using current EN technical standards. According to the findings, the average densities of all particleboards were comparable to each other in a range from 0.692 to 0.704 g\u00b7cm\u22123. The lowest average water absorption and thickness swelling reached particleboards containing 10% of waste internal flammable cables, namely 32.79% for water absorption and 13.21% for thickness swelling. The highest average internal bonding strength reached particleboards without rubber filler and particleboards containing 10% of waste external non-flammable cables, namely 0.52 MPa for both types. The highest average modulus of rupture reached particleboards without rubber filler, namely 12.44 MPa. The highest average modulus of elasticity reached particleboards containing 10% of waste internal flammable cables, namely 2206.29 MPa, and the highest screw driving torque reached particleboards without rubber filler, namely 0.46 N\u00b7m for seating torque and 1.44 N\u00b7m for stripping torque. The results show that particleboards containing waste external non-flammable cables and particleboards containing waste internal flammable cables achieved comparable results to particleboards without rubber filler, which provides a good basis for a new way of utilizing this type of waste in the form of producing new wood\u2013rubber composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17070998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T12:49:01Z","timestamp":1744289341000},"page":"998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Utilization of Waste Rubber Materials After the End of Their Life Cycle in the Production of Three-Layer Particleboards\u2014Physical and Mechanical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Mancel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, \u0160tudentsk\u00e1 26, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iveta","family":"\u010cabalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozef","family":"Krilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, \u0160tudentsk\u00e1 26, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131","family":"Olgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Orgeneral Atilla Ate\u015f Pa\u015fa Cd., 37210 Kastamonu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"\u00d6ncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Orgeneral Atilla Ate\u015f Pa\u015fa Cd., 37210 Kastamonu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6nder","family":"Tor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Orgeneral Atilla Ate\u015f Pa\u015fa Cd., 37210 Kastamonu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Energy and Automation, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 116 B, 30149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2162-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Woroniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HVAC Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Piotrowska-Woroniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HVAC Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108346","article-title":"Recycling of waste tire by pyrolysis to recover carbon black: Alternative & environment\u2013friendly reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds","volume":"200","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. 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