{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:56Z","timestamp":1787029436826,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides the latest insight (2020 to 2025) for composite-based physical activity monitoring sensors. These composite materials are based on carbon-reinforced silicone rubber. These composites feature the use of composite materials, thereby allowing the creation of new generation non-invasive sensors for monitoring of sports activity. These physical sports activities include running, cycling, or swimming. The review describes a brief overview of carbon nanomaterials and silicone rubber-based composites. Then, the prospects of such sensors in terms of mechanical and electrical properties are described. Here, a special focus on electrical properties like resistance change, response time, and gauge factor are reported. Finally, the review reports a brief overview of the industrial uses of these sensors. Some aspects are sports activities like boxing or physical activities like walking, squatting, or running. Lastly, the main aspect of fracture toughness for obtaining high sensor durability is reviewed. Finally, the key challenges in material stability, scalability, and integration of multifunctional aspects of these composite sensors are addressed. Moreover, the future research prospects are described for these composite-based sensors, along with their advantages and limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17081085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1744872826000},"page":"1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Recent Advancements in Rubber Composites for Physical Activity Monitoring Sensors: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Najib","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Manik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Shin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102970","article-title":"A smartphone sensors-based personalized human activity recognition system for sustainable smart cities","volume":"71","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. 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