{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:31:24Z","timestamp":1790083884835,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work focuses on the hydrothermal aging of two-dimensional layered Ti3C2Tx (MXene)\/epoxy (EP) nanocomposites. MXene\/EP composites were successfully prepared by homogeneously dispersing multilayer MXene (m-MXene) and few-layer MXene (f-MXene) into the curing agent, methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). Considering the application, the MXene loading was designed to be 0.1 wt.%. Characterization included the characteristics of MXene, the water absorption behavior of the resin and composite samples, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) in various states, and the tensile strength evolution during aging. The curing behavior of the MXene composites was also discussed to facilitate an understanding of the processability. The results showed that MNA can chemically bond with MXene to obtain a stable suspension. The addition of MXene increased the curing characteristic temperature of the system, but the change in the activation energy of the curing reaction was minimal. The addition of MXene decreased the crosslink density of the epoxy resin, leading to a decrease in the Tg value of the initial samples. After hydrothermal aging, the Tg of pure EP decreased by 46.9 \u00b0C, and re-drying the samples did not fully restore the Tg. However, the Tg of the MXene\/EP system decreased by only 8.9 \u00b0C (m-MXene) and 9.5 \u00b0C (f-MXene), respectively, and the Tg values of the samples were fully restored to their pre-aging levels via re-drying. Experiments with immersion at 25 \u00b0C and 100 \u00b0C showed that the difference in water absorption behavior between the MXene\/EP and pure EP systems was minimal. Tensile tests showed that the addition of MXene increased the initial strength of the resin system by 14.7% (m-MXene) and 20.9% (f-MXene). After 400 h of hydrothermal aging, the tensile strength retention of the pure EP samples was 69.1%, while the strength retention of the MXene\/EP samples was 85.3% (m-MXene) and 83.0% (f-MXene). The combined results demonstrate that the addition of MXene with a low loading of only 0.1% can effectively improve the hydrothermal resistance of epoxy resins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17091229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1746076232000},"page":"1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Low MXene Loading of Epoxy Composite with Enhanced Hydrothermal Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mengke","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3764-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Gas Huanneng Engineering & Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Gas Huanneng Engineering & Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Gas Huanneng Engineering & Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Gas Huanneng Engineering & Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Henry Lee, K.N. 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