{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:56:17Z","timestamp":1790934977475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Young Talent of Basic Research in Universities of Heilongjiang Province","award":["YQJH2024260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQJH2024260"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talent of Basic Research in Universities of Heilongjiang Province","award":["145309116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["145309116"]}]},{"name":"Project of Basic Scientific Research of Heilongjiang Province","award":["YQJH2024260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQJH2024260"]}]},{"name":"Project of Basic Scientific Research of Heilongjiang Province","award":["145309116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["145309116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of biodegradable food packaging materials with active functionalities presents a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic films. This study developed a bioactive complex film through solvent casting technique using potato starch (PS) and \u03ba-carrageenan (\u03baC) as the matrix, incorporated with ethanol extract of crab-apple peel (EEC). Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the film-forming constituents. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that higher concentrations of EEC led to a relatively rough film surface. XRD indicated that the incorporation of EEC reduced the crystallinity of the potato starch. The addition of EEC significantly increased the a and b values of the complex film (p &lt; 0.05), while the L value and opacity decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). The TS, Young\u2032s modulus, and WVP of the complex films decreased significantly with increasing EEC concentration (p &lt; 0.05). The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities of PS-\u03baC-EEC film were enhanced from 12.35% to 75.48% and from 10.26% to 72.52%, respectively. PS-\u03baC-EEC film exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The application of the PS-\u03baC-EEC film for the refrigerated preservation of pork demonstrated that the lipid oxidation level of wrapped pork was reduced. These results suggest that the fabricated PS-\u03baC-EEC film could be utilized for the preservation of pork and extends its shelf life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17101328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:31:49Z","timestamp":1747135909000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Crab-Apple (Mulus asiatica Nakai) Peel Extract-Enhanced Potato Starch\/\u03ba-Carrageenan Bioactive Films: Structural Characterization, Antioxidant-Antimicrobial Efficacy, and Application in Meat Preservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiujie","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Plant Food Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Plant Food Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanzhe","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Plant Food Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuntang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Plant Food Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.120881","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan\/peanut shell nano-lignocellulose (CS\/NLC) composite film and its preservation effect on cherry tomato and blueberry","volume":"228","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102174","article-title":"Food packing films from natural polysaccharides and protein hydrogels: A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bataglin, L.A., Carlos, S., Luis, S., Machado, M.M., Costa, C.M., Silveira, S.G.R., and Naushad, M. (2023). Trends in Bioactive Multilayer Films: Perspectives in the Use of Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Carbohydrates with Natural Additives for Application in Food Packaging. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12081692"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.120564","article-title":"Durable functional fish gelatin film using biomass-derived liquid hydrolysate as an eco-friendly crosslinker","volume":"225","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12627","article-title":"Recent advances in starch-based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties","volume":"19","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.024","article-title":"Bioactive and intelligent starch-based films: A review","volume":"116","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.209","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and structure of modified potato starch granules and their complex with tea polyphenols","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.05.019","article-title":"Effect of various polyols and polyol contents on physical and mechanical properties of potato starch-based films","volume":"67","author":"Talja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.145","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of potato starch-thymol dispersion and film as potential antioxidant and antibacterial materials","volume":"104","author":"Davoodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2025.104012","article-title":"Impact of adding dietary fibers and maltodextrin on the mechanical, morphological, optical, barrier and thermal properties of potato starch-based edible films","volume":"102","author":"Urango","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.T., An, X.Z., Lu, Y.Y., Li, Z.Y., Gao, Z.M., and Tian, S.X. (2022). Biodegradable active packaging material containing grape seed ethanol extract and corn starch\/\u03ba-carrageenan composite film. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1726538\/v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2025.101445","article-title":"Effect of sodium nitrite in LDPE\/PET-based active film on vacuum-packaged pork quality","volume":"47","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108590","article-title":"Development of active packaging films based on collagen\/gallic acid-grafted chitosan incorporating with e-polylysine for pork preservation","volume":"140","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110urovi\u0107, S., Koji\u0107, I., Radi\u0107, D., Smyatskaya, Y.A., Bazarnova, J.G., Filip, S., and Tosti, T. (2024). Chemical Constituents of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds and Their Bioactivity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063430"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.016","article-title":"Development and characterization of corn starch\/PVA active films incorporated with carvacrol nanoemulsions","volume":"164","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00968-y","article-title":"Effect of ethanol extract of black soybean coat on physicochemical properties and biological activities of chitosan packaging film","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-01187-z","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based antioxidant composite films containing onion skin ethanolic extracts","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.09.015","article-title":"Active and intelligent biodegradable packaging films using food and food waste-derived bioactive compounds: A review","volume":"105","author":"Nitya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110914","article-title":"Effect of chitosan films containing clove essential oil-loaded microemulsions combined with deep learning on pork preservation and freshness monitoring","volume":"168","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2024.109677","article-title":"Effect of gelatin edible coating with Aronia melanocarpa pomace polyphenols on the cold storage of chilled pork","volume":"219","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.H., Ning, Y.P., Yun, Y.L., Wei, N., Pan, Z.J., and Wang, L.J. (2024). Development of pH-responsive intelligent films based on \u03ba-carrageenan\/straw lignin and anthocyanin from Padus virginiana peel for real-time monitoring of chicken. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 270.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132464"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.09.020","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of distiller dried grains with solubles as protein films containing tea extracts and their application in the packaging of pork meat","volume":"196","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2021.100636","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind pectin films containing kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) peel extract and their application as chicken thigh packaging","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2019.01.003","article-title":"Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Anti-proliferative Activity of Crabapple Fruits","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01619-4","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan\/Gelatin-Based Active Food Packaging Films Containing Apple Peel Nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Riaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.156","article-title":"Functional characteristics improvement by structural modification of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modified polyvinyl alcohol films incorporating roselle anthocyanins for shrimp freshness monitoring","volume":"162","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00214","article-title":"Fabrication of Carboxymethyl Cellulose\/Agar-Based Functional Films Hybridized with Alizarin and Grapefruit Seed Extract","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2016.03.023","article-title":"Analyzing the effect of whey protein concentrate and psyllium husk on various characteristics of biodegradable film from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome starch","volume":"60","author":"Sukhija","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, M.N., Wang, N., Lu, Y.Y., and Wang, C.T. (2025). Preparation and Characterization of Antioxidative and pH-Sensitive Films Based on \u03ba-Carrageenan\/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blended with Purple Cabbage Anthocyanin for Monitoring Hairtail Freshness. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14040694"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.024","article-title":"Effect of grape seed extract combined with modified atmosphere packaging on the quality of roast chicken","volume":"99","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2008.01790.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of grape seed extracts and their effectiveness after incorporation into pea starch films","volume":"44","author":"Corrales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.T., Lu, Y.Y., Li, Z.Y., An, X.Z., Gao, Z.M., and Tian, S.X. (2022). Preparation and Performance Characterization of a Composite Film Based on Corn Starch, \u03ba-Carrageenan, and Ethanol Extract of Onion Skin. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14152986"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2020.100099","article-title":"Dietary ethanol extract of mango increases antioxidant activity of pork","volume":"15","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.029","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of active and intelligent packaging films based on cassava starch and anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr","volume":"134","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116156","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and application of pH-responsive biodegradable intelligent indicator film based on rose anthocyanins","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.028","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of biocomplex film based on chitosan and kombucha tea as active food packaging","volume":"108","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116521","article-title":"Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose concentration on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of corn starch films","volume":"246","author":"Tavares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.11.020","article-title":"Characterization of antioxidant chitosan film incorporated with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and grape seed extract","volume":"46","author":"Moradi","year":"2012","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pramitasari, R., Gunawicahya, L.N., and Anugrah, D.S.B. (2022). Development of an Indicator Film Based on Cassava Starch\u2013Chitosan Incorporated with Red Dragon Fruit Peel Anthocyanin Extract. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194142"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.114","article-title":"Developing a simultaneously antioxidant and pH-responsive \u03ba-carrageenan\/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film blended with Prunus maackii extract","volume":"155","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.101","article-title":"Intelligent gelatin\/oxidized chitin nanocrystals nanocomplex films containing black rice bran anthocyanins for fish freshness monitorings","volume":"155","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108441","article-title":"Novel pH sensitivity and colorimetry-enhanced anthocyanin indicator films by chondroitin sulfate co-pigmentation for shrimp freshness monitoring","volume":"131","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.128","article-title":"Smart biodegradable films based on chitosan\/methylcellulose containing Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin for monitoring the freshness of fish fillet","volume":"187","author":"Gasti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.12.015","article-title":"Development of antioxidant and intelligent pH-sensing packaging films by incorporating purple-fleshed sweet potato extract into chitosan matrix","volume":"90","author":"Yong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.136","article-title":"Pineapple peel extract incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol)-corn starch film for active food packaging: Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity","volume":"187","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2016.09.034","article-title":"Edible cassava starch films carrying rosemary antioxidant extracts for potential use as active food packaging","volume":"63","author":"Goyanes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Song, Z.Y., Cao, Y.J., Han, L., Yu, Q.L., Han, G.X., and Zhu, X.P. (2024). Characterization of sodium alginate-carrageenan films prepared by adding peanut shell flavonoids as an antioxidant: Application in chilled pork preservation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131081"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9441","article-title":"Kimchi extracts as inhibitors of colour deterioration and lipid oxidation in raw ground pork meat during refrigerated storage","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13578","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.13578","article-title":"Chitosan films incorporated with antioxidant extract of acerola agroindustrial residue applied in chicken thigh","volume":"42","author":"Portugal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/10\/1328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:32:10Z","timestamp":1760031130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/10\/1328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17101328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17101328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]}}}