{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1791860073868,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP234038\/0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP234038\/0223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the need for thermomechanically robust materials for high-temperature environments by investigating fabric-reinforced composites produced through polymer infiltration and thermal pressing using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and epoxy (ER) resins. Experimental validation was required due to the lack of comparative data across different textile reinforcements under identical conditions. Seven technical fabrics\u2014carbon, aramid, basalt, silica, fiberglass, asbestos, and a carbon\/aramid hybrid\u2014were used as reinforcements. Mechanical testing revealed that carbon- and hybrid fiber composites exhibited the highest tensile (up to 465 MPa) and compressive strengths (up to 301 MPa), particularly when combined with ER. Conversely, the use of PF generally resulted in a 30\u201350% reduction in mechanical strength. However, PF-based composites demonstrated superior thermal resistance, with the silica\/PF combination showing the lowest back-face temperature (401 \u00b0C), up to 37% lower than other pairings. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.041 to 0.51 W\/m\u00b7K, with PF-based systems offering 6\u201312% lower values on average compared to ER-based analogs. Morphological analysis confirmed better interfacial bonding in ER composites, while PF systems showed higher structural integrity under thermal loading. Overall, the results emphasize the trade-offs between mechanical strength and thermal protection depending on the fabric\u2013resin combination. Among all variants, the silica fabric with PF demonstrated the most balanced performance, making it a promising candidate for thermomechanical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17101419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1747809087000},"page":"1419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Polymer-Based Thermal Protective Composites: The Role of Reinforcement and Matrix in Providing Strength and Fire Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-9114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Meiirbekov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6879-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assem","family":"Kuandyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhammed","family":"Sadykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiir","family":"Nurzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Green Technologies, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050005, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurmakhan","family":"Yesbolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berdiyar","family":"Baiserikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Ablakatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botagoz","family":"Medyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3723-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Kulbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4706-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunkar","family":"Orazbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3999-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abussaid","family":"Yermekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cNational Center of Space Research and Technology\u201d, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A34594","article-title":"Design Optimization of Solid Rocket Propulsion: A Survey of Recent Advancements","volume":"57","author":"Mahjub","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. 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