{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:18:37Z","timestamp":1791361117909,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American University of the Middle East","award":["20250187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250187"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Research at the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) in Jordan","award":["20250187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250187"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at the German Jordanian University (GJU)","award":["20250187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250187"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research focuses on creating CuO\/PANI nanocomposite films by electrodepositing copper oxide nanoparticles into a polyaniline matrix on ITO substrates. The CuO nanoparticle content was adjusted between 7% and 21%. These nanocomposites are promising for various applications, such as optoelectronic devices, gas sensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, and electrochromic devices. We utilized UV-Vis spectroscopy to examine the nanocomposites\u2019 interaction with light, allowing us to ascertain their refractive indices and absorption coefficients. The Scherrer formula facilitated the determination of the average crystallite size, shedding light on the material\u2019s internal structure. Tauc plots indicated a reduction in the energy-band gap from 3.36 eV to 3.12 eV as the concentration of CuO nanoparticles within the PANI matrix increased, accompanied by a rise in electrical conductivity. The incorporation of CuO nanoparticles into the polyaniline matrix appears to enhance the conjugation length of PANI chains, as evidenced by shifts in the quinoid and benzenoid ring vibrations in FTIR spectra. SEM analysis indicates that the nanocomposite films possess a relatively smooth and homogeneous surface. Additionally, FTIR and XRD analyses demonstrate an increasing degree of interaction between CuO nanoparticles and PANI chains with higher CuO concentrations. At lower concentrations, interactions were minimal. In contrast, at higher concentrations, more significant interactions were observed, which facilitated the stretching of polymer chains, improved molecular packing, and facilitated the formation of larger crystalline structures within the PANI matrix. The incorporation of CuO nanoparticles resulted in nanocomposites with electrical conductivities ranging from 1.2 to 17.0 S cm\u22121, which are favorable for optimum performance in optoelectronic devices. These results confirm that the nanocomposite films combine pronounced crystallinity, markedly enhanced electrical conductivity, and tunable band-gap energies, positioning them as versatile candidates for next-generation optoelectronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17101423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1747813497000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tailoring CuO\/Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fedda","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Gharram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"AlZoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Al-Khateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Qadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah","family":"Abu Noqta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaseb","family":"Makhadmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Education Department, Skyline University College, Sharjah P.O. Box 1797, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Mouhtady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohannad","family":"Al-Hmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jestin","family":"Mandumpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.09.001","article-title":"Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: A review","volume":"9","author":"Naveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.02.061","article-title":"Role of conducting polymer and metal oxide-based hybrids for applications in ampereometric sensors and biosensors","volume":"147","author":"Dakshayini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S.W., Khan, R.R., Puttananjegowda, K., and Serrano-Garcia, W. (2020). Conductive polymers and metal oxide polymeric composites for nanostructures and nanodevices. Advances in Nanostructured Materials and Nanopatterning Technologies, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816865-3.00009-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadhav, A., Qureshi, S.S., Jadhav, H., Nizamuddin, S., Jatoi, A.S., Mazari, S.A., and Mubarak, N.M. (2021). Conducting polymers and their composites. Contemporary Nanomaterials in Material Engineering Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62761-4_6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07800J","article-title":"Conducting polymers: A comprehensive review on recent advances in synthesis, properties and applications","volume":"11","author":"Namsheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherasim, C., Asandulesa, M., Fifere, N., Doroftei, F., T\u00eempu, D., and Airinei, A. (2024). Structural, optical and dielectric properties of some nanocomposites derived from copper oxide nanoparticles embedded in poly (vinylpyrrolidone) matrix. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14090759"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"265","article-title":"Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"4","author":"Arya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"655","article-title":"Metal oxide\/polymer nanocomposites: A review on recent advances in fabrication and applications","volume":"62","author":"Zadehnazari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2020.1820845","article-title":"Conducting polymer-inorganic nanocomposite-based gas sensors: A review","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"49","article-title":"Humidity sensing study of polyaniline\/copper oxide nanocomposites","volume":"4","author":"Yakubu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Acad. Res. Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-013-1280-5","article-title":"Polyaniline\u2013CuO hybrid nanocomposites: Synthesis, structural, morphological, optical and electrical transport studies","volume":"24","author":"Jundale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.09.084","article-title":"Polyaniline-CuO hybrid nanocomposite with enhanced electrical conductivity","volume":"1153","author":"Sanches","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"504","article-title":"Review on nanomaterials\/conducting polymer-based nanocomposites for the development of biosensors and electrochemical sensors","volume":"60","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(97)80658-3","article-title":"Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed?","volume":"84","author":"MacDiarmid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1021\/ja028371y","article-title":"Polyaniline nanofibers: Facile synthesis and chemical sensors","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00670-4","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and charge transport mechanism in conducting polyaniline\/V2O5 composites","volume":"42","author":"Somani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/9\/028","article-title":"Characterization and dielectric properties of polyaniline\u2013TiO2 nanocomposites","volume":"15","author":"Dey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.107865","article-title":"Electrochemically synthesized polyaniline\/copper oxide nano composites: To study optical band gap and electrochemical performance for energy storage devices","volume":"115","author":"Ashokkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2006.08.005","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and low frequency AC conduction of polyaniline\/niobium pentoxide composites","volume":"156","author":"Ravikiran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.03.135","article-title":"The influence of oxygen vacancy concentration in nanodispersed non-stoichiometric CeO2-\u03b4 oxides on the physico-chemical properties of conducting polyaniline\/CeO2 composites","volume":"306","author":"Mentus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1515\/ijcre-2013-0006","article-title":"Effect of CuO on the thermal stability of polyaniline nanofibers","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. React. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2012.05.009","article-title":"Effects of CuO on the morphology and conducting properties of PANI nanofibers","volume":"162","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(99)00156-1","article-title":"Hydrothermal preparation and characterization of boehmites","volume":"42","author":"Mishra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1039\/b603020c","article-title":"Surface functionalized alumina nanoparticle filled polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.08.033","article-title":"Development of Au\/CuO nanoplasmonic thin films for sensing applications","volume":"343","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayan, A., Ramadoss, S., Sisubalan, N., Gnanaraj, M., Chandrasekaran, K., and Kokkarachedu, V. (2024). Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Nanoparticles in Modern Antimicrobial and Antiviral Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50093-0_8"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"213","article-title":"Development of Hierarchical Polymer@Pd Nanowire-Network: Synthesis and Application as Highly Active Recyclable Catalyst and Printable Conductive Ink","volume":"5","author":"Mir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2011.12.003","article-title":"Electrical transport and optical properties of the composite of polyaniline nanorod with gold","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003","article-title":"Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline","volume":"34","author":"Bhadra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of camphor sulfonic acid fully doped polyaniline","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Appl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kaner, R.B. (1990). Electrochemical Science Technology of Polymers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S. (2001). Advanced Functional Molecules and Polymers, Gordon Breach."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(91)91785-9","article-title":"Heterogeneous conducting polymeric systems: Dispersions, blends, crystalline conducting networks\u2014An introductory presentation","volume":"45","author":"Kryszewaski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1021\/ma902317k","article-title":"Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nanobelts with predominant electrochemical performances","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chebakova, K.A., Dzidziguri, E.L., Sidorova, E.N., Vasiliev, A.A., Ozherelkov, D.Y., Pelevin, I.A., and Nalivaiko, A.Y. (2021). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy features of micro-and nanoscale copper and nickel particle compositions. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092388"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.07.158","article-title":"Electrochemical synthesis of a novel hybrid nanocomposite based on Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in PANI-camphor sulfonic Acid matrix for optoelectronic applications","volume":"50","author":"AlZoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(00)00207-X","article-title":"Chemical and electrochemical polymerization of aniline using tartaric acid","volume":"37","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2006.08.002","article-title":"Polyaniline by new miniemulsion polymerization and the effect of reducing agent on conductivity","volume":"156","author":"Bhadra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(01)00232-4","article-title":"Determination of extremely low percolation threshold electroactivity of the blend polyvinyl chloride\/polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid by cyclic voltammetry method","volume":"38","author":"Namazi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.06.094","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid Polyaniline\/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites: Electrochemical synthesis, characterization, and analysis","volume":"50","author":"AlZoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.10.007","article-title":"The genesis of polyaniline nanotubes","volume":"47","author":"Stejskal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.10.036","article-title":"Comparative studies of solid-state synthesized polyaniline doped with inorganic acids","volume":"90","author":"Abdiryim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/app.26070","article-title":"Doping effect of organic sulphonic acids on the solid-state synthesized polyaniline","volume":"105","author":"Abdiryim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2008.12.025","article-title":"Electrical, structural and magnetic properties of polyaniline\/pTSA-TiO2 nanocomposites","volume":"159","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.07.002","article-title":"A novel strategy for the synthesis of polyaniline nanostructures with controlled morphology","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(94)90176-7","article-title":"Inhomogeneous disorder and the modified Drude metallic state of conducting polymers","volume":"65","author":"Epstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9882","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA07176K","article-title":"Surface modified titanium dioxide using transition metals: Nickel as a winning transition metal for solar light photocatalysis","volume":"6","author":"Mazaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-024-03131-4","article-title":"Fabrication and unraveling the morphological, structural, optical and dielectric features of PMMA-SiO2\/CuO promising ternary nanostructures for Nanoelectronic and photonic applications","volume":"16","author":"Habeeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-022-02104-9","article-title":"Facile fabrication and developing the structural, optical and electrical properties of SiC\/Y2O3 nanostructures doped PMMA for optics and potential nanodevices","volume":"15","author":"Hashim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104939","article-title":"Comprehensive study of linear and nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline-Al2O3 nanocomposites for optoelectronic applications","volume":"52","author":"AlZoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012081","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/310\/1\/012081","article-title":"Dielectric properties of PANI\/CuO nanocomposites","volume":"Volume 310","author":"Ambalagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlZoubi, T., Mourched, B., Al Gharram, M., Makhadmeh, G., and Abu Noqta, O. (2023). Improving photovoltaic performance of hybrid organic-inorganic MAGeI3 perovskite solar cells via numerical optimization of carrier transport materials (HTLs\/ETLs). Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13152221"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.169442","article-title":"Insights into the impact of defect states and temperature on the performance of kesterite-based thin-film solar cells","volume":"264","author":"Moustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauc, J. (1974). Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8705-7"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133212","article-title":"Highly dispersed crystalline magnetic and conductive polyaniline\/iron oxide nanocomposite films","volume":"684","author":"Uhlmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.07.158","article-title":"Advanced electrochemical synthesis and characterization of Al2O3 nanoparticles embedded in polyaniline matrix for optoelectronic applications","volume":"50","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-012-0175-8","article-title":"Facile and novel route for preparation of nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) thin films","volume":"4","author":"Bandgar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, P. (2013). Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: A Practical Approach, Springer Science Business Media."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"47238","article-title":"Electronic Structure Modulation in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80038-1","article-title":"Study of the effect of band gap and photoluminescence on biological properties of polyaniline\/CdS QD nanocomposites based on natural polymer","volume":"11","author":"Alipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5128494","article-title":"Bandgap engineering in CuO nanostructures: Dual-band, broadband, and UV-C photodetectors","volume":"116","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/adms-2014-0021","article-title":"Characterisation and optical studies of copper oxide nanostructures doped with lanthanum ions","volume":"14","author":"Varughese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1958.tb03883.x","article-title":"Measurement of Sheet Resistivities with the Four-Point Probe","volume":"37","author":"Smits","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Schroder, D.K. (2015). Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, John Wiley Sons."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlZoubi, T., Kadhem, W.J., Al Gharram, M., Makhadmeh, G., Abdelfattah, M.A., Abuelsamen, A., and Mourched, B. (2024). Advanced Optoelectronic Modeling and Optimization of HTL-Free FASnI3\/C60 Perovskite Solar Cell Architecture for Superior Performance. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14121062"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/10\/32\/009","article-title":"The localization-interaction model applied to the direct-current conductivity of metallic conducting polymers","volume":"10","author":"Ahlskog","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16233","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.55.16233","article-title":"EPR and charge-transport studies of polyaniline","volume":"55","author":"Krinichnyi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-020-01201-6","article-title":"DC electrical conductivity retention and antibacterial aspects of microwave-assisted ultrathin CuO@ polyaniline composite","volume":"74","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(97)80675-3","article-title":"X-ray scattering study of CSA protonated polyaniline films and powders","volume":"84","author":"Djurado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(94)02382-9","article-title":"Structural investigation of metallic PAN-CSA and some of its derivatives","volume":"69","author":"Pouget","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4236\/snl.2012.23009","article-title":"Effect of camphor sulfonic acid doping on structural, morphological, optical and electrical transport properties on polyaniline-ZnO nanocomposites","volume":"2","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Nanosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duhan, M., and Kaur, R. (2020). Nano-structured polyaniline as a potential adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from effluent. J. Compos. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5010007"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/10\/1423\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:36:31Z","timestamp":1760031391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/10\/1423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17101423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17101423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}}}