{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:41Z","timestamp":1760059181109,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Education Department of Henan Province","award":["252300420051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300420051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-P) geomembranes (GMBs) are applied as anti-seepage materials in membrane-faced rockfill dams and pumped storage power stations. Assessing their lifetime to ensure durability during operation is crucial. This study conducted accelerated aging tests on three PVC-P GMBs immersed in water, along with axial tensile tests to investigate the degradation of mechanical properties. The degradation model was constructed using the Arrhenius equation, and the time to nominal failure (TNF) was predicted based on this model and failure criterion. The prediction model\u2019s accuracy was verified using test data collected over 180 days at 20 \u00b0C. The results demonstrate that the TNF of PVC-P GMBs is influenced by water temperature, plasticizer content, and thickness of GMBs. Elevated temperatures accelerate the loss rate of plasticizers. Specifically, at 20 \u00b0C in a water environment, the estimated TNFs of Materials A and B with identical thicknesses were 49.05 and 153.76 years, respectively. This suggests that increasing the initial plasticizer content and enhancing its structural stability can significantly extend the TNF. Furthermore, Material C, which has a composition similar to Material B but with increased thickness, exhibited a predicted TNF of 181.30 years, indicating that greater thickness can effectively reduce the migration rate of plasticizers. The findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the TNF of PVC-P GMBs in reservoir bottom and below dead water level applications during operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1748234992000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lifetime Prediction of PVC-P Geomembranes Immersion in Water at Elevated Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4028-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hesong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Xinjiang Hami Pumped Storage Co., Ltd., Hami 839124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-1144(90)90010-A","article-title":"Problems of friction posed by the use of geomembranes on dam slopes-Examples and measurements","volume":"9","author":"Girard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-1144(96)89794-9","article-title":"Geomembrane application for an RCC dam","volume":"14","author":"Whitfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Healing the world: A geosynthetics solution","volume":"28","author":"Touze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2009.16.2.97","article-title":"Ten-year PVC geomembrane durability","volume":"16","author":"Newman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2011.18.6.391","article-title":"Systems engineering: The design and operation of municipal solid waste landfills to minimize contamination of groundwater","volume":"18","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2020.103499","article-title":"Long-term durability assessment of PVC-P waterproofing geomembranes through laboratory tests","volume":"103","author":"Luciani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"ICOLD (2010). Geomembrane Sealing Systems for Dams-Design Principles and Review of Experience, International Commission on Large Dams. Bulletin 135."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"396","article-title":"Study on conceptualization method of deformation pattern and horizontal breakage of face slab of concrete faced rockfill dam","volume":"46","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"77","article-title":"Study on the aging of asphalt concrete facings sealing layer and the treatment countermeasures during reservoir operation period","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Power."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"940","article-title":"Mechanical properties of different geomembranes in membrane-faced rockfill dam","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hsuan, Y.G., Schroeder, H.F., Rowe, R.K., M\u00fcller, W., Greenwood, J., Cazzuffi, D., and Koerner, R.M. (2008, January 7\u201310). Long-term performance and lifetime prediction of geosynthetics. Proceedings of the EuroGeo 4-4th European Geosynthetics Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.16.00026","article-title":"Lifetime predictions of exposed geotextiles and geomembranes","volume":"24","author":"Koerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392013005000137","article-title":"The effects of weathering exposure on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene and poly (vinyl chloride)","volume":"16","author":"Lodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00269-0","article-title":"Oxidative resistance of high-density polyethylene geomembranes","volume":"79","author":"Jakob","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.18.00016","article-title":"17-year elevated temperature study of HDPE geomembrane longevity in air, water and leachate","volume":"25","author":"Ewais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2008.09.007","article-title":"Ageing of HDPE geomembranes exposed to air, water and leachate at different temperatures","volume":"27","author":"Rowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2019.103497","article-title":"Long-term performance of a HDPE geomembrane stabilized with HALS in chlorinated water","volume":"47","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.19.00016","article-title":"Degradation of an HDPE geomembrane without HALS in chlorinated water","volume":"26","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2023.11.003","article-title":"Long-term durability of two HDPE geomembranes formulated with polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT)","volume":"52","author":"Clinton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2022.10.010","article-title":"Effect of elevated temperatures on the degradation behaviour of elastomeric bituminous geomembranes","volume":"51","author":"Samea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plota, A., and Masek, A. (2020). Lifetime Prediction Methods for Degradable Polymeric Materials\u2014A Short Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204507"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2019.11.015","article-title":"Lifetime assessment of exposed PVC-P geomembranes installed on Italian dams","volume":"48","author":"Cazzuffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.17.00035","article-title":"Durability of reinforced PVC-P geomembranes installed in reservoirs in eastern Spain","volume":"25","author":"Blanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-1144(92)90042-9","article-title":"Arrhenius modeling to predict geosynthetic degradation","volume":"11","author":"Koerner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:6(532)","article-title":"Antioxidant depletion lifetime in high density polyethylene geomembranes","volume":"124","author":"Hsuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.11.003","article-title":"Analysis of degradation mechanism of plasticized PVC under artificial aging conditions","volume":"92","author":"Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivani\u010d, A., and Lubej, S. (2022). Durability and degradation of pvc-p roofing membrane\u2014Example of dynamic fatigue testing. Polymers., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071312"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019). Standard Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics (Standard No. ASTM D5199-12)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024). Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area of Geotextiles (Standard No. ASTM D5261-10)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020). Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes (Standard No. ASTM D6693\/D6693M-20)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.3.0073","article-title":"Geomembrane response in the wide strip tension test","volume":"3","author":"Merry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2014-0131","article-title":"Ageing of exposed geomembranes at locations with different climatological conditions","volume":"52","author":"Rowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2024.09.012","article-title":"A 9-year study of the degradation of a HDPE geomembrane liner used in different high pH mining applications","volume":"53","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Behaviour of an EPDM geomembrane 18 years after its installation in a water reservoir","volume":"9","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomate."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/11\/1470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:18Z","timestamp":1760031618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/11\/1470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17111470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17111470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]}}}