{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:29:38Z","timestamp":1790746178689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"\u201cAgencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo\u201d (ANID) from the Government of Chile through the Research Project FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1231708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct ink writing (DIW) is an attractive, extrusion-based, additive manufacturing method for fabricating scaffold structures with controlled porosity using custom composite inks. Polycaprolactone\u2013bioactive glass (PCL-BG) inks have gained attention for bone applications, but optimizing the formulation and fabrication of PCL-BG-based inks for improved printability and desired mechano-biological properties remains a challenge. This study employs a two-step design to systematically evaluate the effect of three factors in terms of PCL-BG composite printability and mechano-biological properties: ink preparation (acetone or dichloromethane (DCM) as the solvent, and mechanical compounding), the extrusion temperature (90 \u00b0C, 110 \u00b0C, and 130 \u00b0C), and the BG content (0%, 10%, and 20% BG). Pure PCL was used as the control. Rheological, calorimetric, and thermo-gravimetric analyses were conducted before printing. Cylindrical scaffolds and solid wells were printed to evaluate the printability, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility. The scaffold porosity and pore size were carefully examined. Mechanical tests demonstrated that composite formulations with added BG and higher printing temperatures increased the elastic modulus and yield strength. However, PCL-DCM-BG combinations exhibited increased brittleness with higher BG content. Despite concerns about the toxic solvent DCM, the cytocompatibility was comparable to pure PCL for all ink preparation methods. The results suggest that the interaction between the ink preparation solvent, the BG content, and the printing temperature is critical for material design and fabrication planning in bone tissue engineering applications, providing insights into optimizing PCL-BG composite ink formulations for 3D printing in bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T03:57:18Z","timestamp":1748923038000},"page":"1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Processing Parameters on the Printability and Mechano-Biological Properties of Polycaprolactone\u2013Bioactive Glass Composites for 3D-Printed Scaffold Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"Contreras Raggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Padre Hurtado 750, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratories for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Padre Hurtado 750, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratories for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Padre Hurtado 750, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratories for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Padre Hurtado 750, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Palza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsicas y Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Vivanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Padre Hurtado 750, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2520000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameet K.","family":"Aiyangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Rosenb\u00fchlgasse 27, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119591","article-title":"Screening of pharmaceutical polymers for extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of patient-tailored tablets","volume":"586","author":"Samaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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