{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1784085816540,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the development and comprehensive characterization of biopolymer-based nanofibrous composites composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), boric acid (BA), and a natural antifungal agent natamycin (NAT), designed for therapeutic applications. A dual-layer 3D-fiber composite (PVA\/CS\/BA_PVA\/NAT) was successfully fabricated using a layer-by-layer 3D bioprinting technique and electro-spinning, integrating BA into the core matrix and NAT into the outer layer. Mechanical tests revealed a significantly improved elastic modulus of 763.04 \u00b1 14.54 MPa and the highest ultimate tensile stress (50.45 \u00b1 2.58 MPa) among all samples. Despite a moderate strain at break (11.77 \u00b1 0.49%), the composite preserved sufficient elasticity suitable for biological interfaces. Morphological assessment via SEM confirmed the successful deposition of continuous and bead-free nanofibers, with controlled fiber alignment and reduced average fiber diameters, especially in the BA-incorporated structure. The dual-layered system displayed enhanced uniformity and structural coherence. The drug release analysis demonstrated sustained NAT delivery over a 90 min period. Kinetic modeling showed a high correlation with the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model (R2 &gt; 0.99), suggesting diffusion-controlled release, supported by the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model\u2019s Fickian diffusion exponent. In contrast, zero- and first-order models exhibited weaker fits, underscoring the relevance of a matrix-based release mechanism governed by the layered configuration. Crucially, antifungal assays against Candida albicans revealed substantial bioactivity. The PVA\/CS\/BA_PVA\/NAT formulation achieved the largest inhibition zone (1.64 \u00b1 0.13 cm), significantly outperforming single-layer controls such as PVA\/CS\/BA (1.25 \u00b1 0.08 cm) and PVA\/CS_PVA\/NAT (1.43 \u00b1 0.08 cm), while neat PVA exhibited no inhibition. These results confirm the synergistic antifungal efficacy of BA and NAT within the dual-layer structure. Together, these findings highlight the potential of the 3D-printed PVA\/CS\/BA_PVA\/NAT composite as a mechanically robust, morphologically optimized, and bioactive platform for antifungal therapy and wound-healing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17121673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:20:23Z","timestamp":1750134023000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Dual-Layer Natamycin and Boric-Acid-Reinforced PVA\/Chitosan by 3D Printing and Electrospinning Method: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fcsra","family":"Oktay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3062-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Ciftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey"},{"name":"BioriginAI Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Technology Transfer Office, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azime","family":"Erarslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma","family":"Ahlatc\u0131o\u011flu \u00d6zerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1976.070200604","article-title":"Differential scanning calorimetry of crystallized PVA hydrogels","volume":"20","author":"Peppas","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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