{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1792806252187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP E93C22001090001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP E93C22001090001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CUP E93C22001090001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP E93C22001090001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center","award":["IR0000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000005"]}]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center","award":["CUP E93C22001090001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP E93C22001090001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmentally sustainable methods for producing flexible electronics, such as paper-based energy harvesters in nanogenerators, are a major objective in materials science. In this frame, the present study investigated two different Komagataeibacter sp. strains (K2G30 and K2G44), never tested as biocatalysts for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) functionalized with iron particles to provide potential electrical conductivity. Two functionalization strategies (ex situ and in situ) were evaluated using two iron compounds FeCl2 and FeSO4, individually and in combination (up to 0.1% w\/v), to assess efficiency and feasibility. In addition, a Design of Experiment approach was implemented to calculate quantitative mathematical models to correlate the functionalization methods with the iron amount in the BC. Among the tested conditions, BC produced by strain K2G44 using the ex situ method with FeCl2 showed the most promising results, achieving the highest iron content (~37% atomic weight) with a highly homogeneous dispersion of iron nanoparticles. Moreover, the in situ BC functionalization using FeSO4 led to the formation of iron gluconate. FeSO4 alone significantly enhanced BC production in the in situ process, with yields of 2.62 \u00b1 0.15 g\/L for K2G30 and 2.05 \u00b1 0.09 g\/L for K2G44.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1750664554000},"page":"1743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Combining Microbial Cellulose with FeSO4 and FeCl2 by Ex Situ and In Situ Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Barbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Brugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"La China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Montorsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"EN&TECH\u2014Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the Field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Energy Efficiency of Buildings, Lighting and Home Automation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9164-5","article-title":"Biotechnological Production of Cellulose by Acetic Acid Bacteria: Current State and Perspectives","volume":"102","author":"Gullo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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