{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:04:53Z","timestamp":1791471893462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200017"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["IAEA CRP F22070, contract 23184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAEA CRP F22070, contract 23184"]}]},{"name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200017"]}]},{"name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","award":["IAEA CRP F22070, contract 23184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAEA CRP F22070, contract 23184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present bi-layered hydrogel systems that incorporate different sizes and shapes of gold nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanorods) for potential use in areas such as photoactuators, soft robotics, artificial muscles, drug delivery and tissue engineering. The synthesized nano Au-PNiPAAm\/PVA bi-layered hydrogel nanocomposites provide the unique ability to exhibit controlled motion upon light exposure, indicating that the above systems possess the capability of photo\u2013thermal energy conversion. The chosen synthesis approach is a combination of chemical production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) followed by gamma radiation formation of crosslinked polymer networks around them, as the final step, which also allows for sterilization in a single technological step. According to the TEM analysis, the gold nanospheres (AuNSs) with mean diameters of around 17 and 30 nm, as well as nanorods (AuNRs) with an aspect ratio of around 4.5, were synthesized and used as nanofillers in the formation of nanocomposites. Their stability within the polymer matrix was confirmed by UV\u2013Vis spectral studies, by the presence of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) bands, typical for nanoparticles of various shapes and sizes. Morphological studies (FE-SEM) of hydrogels revealed the formation of a porous structure with PNiPAAm hydrogel as an active layer and PVA hydrogel as a passive layer, as well as a stable interfacial layer with a thickness of around 80 \u03bcm. The synthesized bi-layered photoactuators showed a photo\u2013thermal response upon exposure to irradiation of green lasers and lamps that simulate sunlight, resulting in bending motion. This bending response reveals the huge potential of the obtained materials as soft actuators, which are more flexible than rigid systems, making them effective for specific applications where controlled movement and flexibility are essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T11:15:23Z","timestamp":1750936523000},"page":"1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gamma Irradiation-Induced Synthesis of Nano Au-PNiPAAm\/PVA Bi-Layered Photo-Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Actuators with a Switchable Bending Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Radojkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1520-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Spasojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Vukoje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorica","family":"Ka\u010darevi\u0107-Popovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Una","family":"Stamenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Vodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Rogli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Radosavljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, Vin\u010da, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LP00089G","article-title":"Next-gen biomimetic actuators: Bilayer hydrogel evolution in the 21st century and its advancements from a post-2020 perspective","volume":"2","author":"Basak","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Appl. 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