{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:10:27Z","timestamp":1791655827183,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of two resin materials, Tera Harz TC-85 DAC and Clear-A, along with the effects of two different post-printing protocols applied to Clear-A. Samples were produced using the Ackuretta Sol printer. The following three groups were formed based on the resins used and the post-curing methods applied: Group 1: Tera Harz TC-85 DAC resin + Tera Harz Cure; Group 2: Clear-A resin + Curie machine; and Group 3: Clear-A resin + Tera Harz Cure. All samples were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 5 min, rinsed with sterile deionized water, and incubated in Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle Medium at 37 \u00b0C for 72 h. Cytotoxicity assessment was performed by the XTT and RTCA methods using the human gingival fibroblast cell line. According to the XTT assay, undiluted resin extracts exhibited approximately 75\u201380% cell viability at 24 h, while further dilutions resulted in a viability exceeding 90%. No significant differences in viability were observed among the groups at any dilution at 48 and 72 h. The xCELLigence RTCA results aligned with the XTT findings, showing a transient decrease in cell viability within the first 24 h, followed by continued cell growth. This study demonstrated that extracts from all tested 3D-printed resins exhibited biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts. These findings support their potential for further applications in the dental and biomedical fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T03:33:25Z","timestamp":1750995205000},"page":"1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Post-Process Cytotoxicity of Resins in Clear Aligner Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5463-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabahattin","family":"Bor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya 44280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye\u015fim","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, Ankara 06760, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"Demiral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, Ankara 06760, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, Ankara 06760, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12480","article-title":"Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment","volume":"62","author":"Weir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(03)00051-9","article-title":"Automated custom-manufacturing technology in orthodontics","volume":"123","author":"Kuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjab022","article-title":"In-house 3D-printed aligners: Effect of in vivo ageing on mechanical properties","volume":"44","author":"Can","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.06.014","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of a novel 3-dimensional printed orthodontic aligner","volume":"162","author":"Pratsinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.18231\/j.jco.2022.022","article-title":"Fabrication of in-house aligner\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"384","article-title":"Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials","volume":"22","author":"Bichu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/aoj-2023-0026","article-title":"Comparison of the cytotoxicity of 3D-printed aligners using different post-curing procedures: An in vitro study","volume":"39","author":"Alessandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australas. Orthod. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod21.269","article-title":"Comparison of dimensional accuracy between direct-printed and thermoformed aligners","volume":"52","author":"Koenig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.07.029","article-title":"Analysis of the thickness of 3-dimensional-printed orthodontic aligners","volume":"158","author":"Edelmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.05.012","article-title":"Mechanical and geometric properties of thermoformed and 3D printed clear dental aligners","volume":"156","author":"Jindal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104097","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of printed resin-based splint materials","volume":"120","author":"Wulff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Gu, H., Jin, G., and Kim, J.-E. (2022). Evaluating oxygen shielding effect using glycerin or vacuum with varying temperature on 3D printed photopolymer in post-polymerization. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105170"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"113","article-title":"Shape memory aligners: A new dimension in aligner orthodontics","volume":"7","author":"Schupp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aligner Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-E., Mangal, U., Yu, J.-H., Kim, G.-T., Kim, H., Seo, J.-Y., Cha, J.-Y., Lee, K.-J., Kwon, J.-S., and Choi, S.-H. (2024). Evaluation of the effects of temperature and centrifugation time on elimination of uncured resin from 3D-printed dental aligners. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66150-6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12819","article-title":"Effect of post-printing curing time on cytotoxicity of direct printed aligners: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Iodice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials (Standard No. ISO 10993-12)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 5: Tests for \u0130n Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.04.003","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of 3D printed resin materials for temporary restorations on human periodontal ligament (PDL-hTERT) cells","volume":"39","author":"Folwaczny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12938","article-title":"Effects of resin materials dedicated for additive manufacturing of temporary dental restorations on human gingival keratinocytes","volume":"34","author":"Frasheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP170721127P","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of 3D printed polymer based epoxy resin intended for use in dentistry","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arossi, G.A., Abdou, N.A., Hung, B., Garcia, I.M., Zimmer, R., and Melo, M.A. (2024). Safety of 3D-Printed Acrylic Resins for Prosthodontic Appliances: A Comprehensive Cytotoxicity Review. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188322"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjac056","article-title":"Leaching from a 3D-printed aligner resin","volume":"45","author":"Willi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3707","article-title":"Detecting Bisphenol A Leaching from Four Different Commercially Available Clear Aligner Sheets: An Ex Vivo Study","volume":"25","author":"Azhagudurai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barszczewska-Rybarek, I.M. (2019). A Guide through the Dental Dimethacrylate Polymer Network Structural Characterization and Interpretation of Physico-Mechanical Properties. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244057"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliades, T. (2013). In vitro assessment of biocompatibility for orthodontic materials. Research Methods in Orthodontics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31377-6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-020-00109-9","article-title":"Human gingival fibroblast secretome accelerates wound healing through anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Ahangar","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231151921","article-title":"The Role of Gingival Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis","volume":"102","author":"Wielento","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, P.C., Mart\u00ednez, C., Mart\u00ednez, J., and McCulloch, C.A. (2019). Role of Fibroblast Populations in Periodontal Wound Healing and Tissue Remodeling. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00270"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"We\u017cgowiec, J., Ma\u0142ysa, A., Szlasa, W., Kulbacka, J., Chwi\u0142kowska, A., Zi\u0119tek, M., and Wi\u0119ckiewicz, M. (2024). Biocompatibility of 3D-printed vs. thermoformed and heat-cured intraoral appliances. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1453888"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzynkiewicz, A., Rozpedek-Kaminska, W., Galita, G., Lukomska-Szymanska, M., Lapinska, B., Sokolowski, J., and Majsterek, I. (2020). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three dental universal adhesives\u2014An in vitro study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113950"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.01.016","article-title":"Effect of post-rinsing time on the mechanical strength and cytotoxicity of a 3D printed orthodontic splint material","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada, J., Wada, K., Gibreel, M., Wakabayashi, N., Iwamoto, T., Vallittu, P.K., and Lassila, L. (2022). Effect of Nitrogen Gas Post-Curing and Printer Type on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Hard Occlusal Splint Material. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14193971"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-024-00540-4","article-title":"Polymerization kinetics of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners under different UV post-curing conditions","volume":"25","author":"Manoukakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.019","article-title":"A review of adaptive mechanisms in cell responses towards oxidative stress caused by dental resin monomers","volume":"34","author":"Krifka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"352","article-title":"In vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic and Dental Composite Resins using Human Gingival Fibroblast","volume":"22","author":"Bationo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sch. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12537","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners produced by different contemporary 3D printers","volume":"25","author":"Zinelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erbe, C., Ludwig, B., and Bleil\u00f6b, M. Unlocking the biological insights of 3D printed aligners: A look at current findings. Semin. Orthod., 2025 31, 139\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2024.10.001"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2025.101028","article-title":"Biocompatibility of direct printed clear aligners: A systematic review of in vitro studies","volume":"23","author":"Dantagnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s43939-025-00217-7","article-title":"3D-printed resins used in occlusal splints modified with graphene nanoplatelets","volume":"5","author":"Adami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.592","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of 3D-printed, milled, and conventional oral splint resins to L929 cells and human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"8","author":"Schubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imunovi\u0107, L., Jurela, A., Sudarevi\u0107, K., Ba\u010di\u0107, I., Haramina, T., and Me\u0161trovi\u0107, S. (2023). Influence of Post-Processing on the Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polyurethane Aligners. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010017"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.06.010","article-title":"Rinsing postprocessing procedure of a 3D-printed orthodontic appliance material: Impact of alternative post-rinsing solutions on the roughness, flexural strength and cytotoxicity","volume":"38","author":"Lambart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:59:39Z","timestamp":1760032779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17131776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17131776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}}}