{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:01:15Z","timestamp":1790017275808,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00512909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00512909"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is commonly performed to treat paranasal sinus diseases, often necessitating nasal packing to control bleeding and aid healing. However, current materials can cause discomfort or lack adequate antibacterial properties. This study aimed to develop a biodegradable, biocompatible nasal packing material by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carbon dots (CDs), and to evaluate its antibacterial activity and tissue compatibility. Materials and Methods: Electrospun nanofiber membranes were fabricated using PVA and biomass-derived CDs. Antibacterial efficacy of nasal packing variants (PVA, PVA-chitosan [CS], PVA-CS-CDs-1 mL, and PVA-CS-CDs-2 mL) was assessed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The in vivo biocompatibility was evaluated via histological analysis following implantation into the nasal cavity of mice. Results: All materials demonstrated antibacterial activity, with PVA-CS-CDs-2 mL showing the largest inhibition zones. Histological examination revealed minimal epithelial damage and no inflammation, with PVA-CS-CDs-2 mL yielding the most favorable tissue response. Conclusion: The PVA-CS-CDs composite demonstrates potential as a biocompatible, antibacterial nasal packing material. Further studies are warranted to validate its long-term clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1751856787000},"page":"1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preliminary Study on the Development of a Biodegradable Functional Nasal Packing Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"EunA","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizan E","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-ho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Kee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25105","article-title":"Comparison of three different polyvinyl alcohol packs following functional endoscopic Nasal surgery","volume":"125","author":"Melis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.041","article-title":"Antibacterial polyurethane foams with quaternized-chitosan as a chain extender for nasal packing and hemostasis","volume":"181","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e25161","article-title":"Comparison of Trans-septal Suturing Technique With Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge-Based Nasal Packing for Hemostasis in Septoplasty","volume":"14","author":"Meena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB02582E","article-title":"A robust carbon dot-based antibacterial CDs-PVA film as a wound dressing for antibiosis and wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Mou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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