{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:15:35Z","timestamp":1790115335999,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prefabricated unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite strips are extensively used as a means of infrastructure rehabilitation through adhesive bonding to the external surface of structural concrete elements. Most data to date are from laboratory tests ranging from a few months to 1\u20132 years providing an insufficient dataset for prediction of long-term durability. This investigation focuses on the assessment of the response of three different prefabricated CFRP systems exposed to water, seawater, and alkaline solutions for 5 years of immersion in deionized water conducted at three temperatures of 23, 37.8 and 60 \u00b0C, all well below the glass transition temperature levels. Overall response is characterized through tensile and short beam shear (SBS) testing at periodic intervals. It is noted that while the three systems are similar, with the dominant mechanisms of deterioration being related to matrix plasticization followed by fiber\u2013matrix debonding with levels of matrix and interface deterioration being accelerated at elevated temperatures, their baseline characteristics and distributions are different emphasizing the need for greater standardization. While tensile modulus does not degrade appreciably over the 5-year period of exposure with final levels of deterioration being between 7.3 and 11.9%, both tensile strength and SBS strength degrade substantially with increasing levels based on temperature and time of immersion. Levels of tensile strength retention can be as low as 61.8\u201366.6% when immersed in deionized water at 60 \u00b0C, those for SBS strength can be 38.4\u201348.7% at the same immersion condition for the three FRP systems. Differences due to solution type are wider in the short-term and start approaching asymptotic levels within FRP systems at longer periods of exposure. The very high levels of deterioration in SBS strength indicate the breakdown of the materials at the fiber\u2013matrix bond and interfacial levels. It is shown that the level of deterioration exceeds that presumed through design thresholds set by specific codes\/standards and that new safety factors are warranted in addition to expanding the set of characteristics studied to include SBS or similar interface-level tests. Alkali solutions are also shown to have the highest deteriorative effects with deionized water having the least. Simple equations are developed to enable extrapolation of test data to predict long term durability and to develop design thresholds based on expectations of service life with an environmental factor of between 0.56 and 0.69 for a 50-year expected service life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17131886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"1886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Durability of CFRP Strips Used in Infrastructure Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Karunya","family":"Kanagavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0269-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vistasp M.","family":"Karbhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136634","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) in concrete: A comprehensive survey","volume":"432","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024024","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCOF2.CCENG-4486","article-title":"Hybridization in FRP composites for construction: State-of-the-are review and trends","volume":"28","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.105835","article-title":"Applications of natural and synthetic fiber reinforced polymer in infrastructure: A suitability assessment","volume":"66","author":"Navaratnam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202300382","article-title":"A review on retrofitting concrete members with near surface mounted-fiber reinforced polymer composites","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109542","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced composites in strengthening reinforced concrete structures: A critical review","volume":"198","author":"Naser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quereshi, J.A. (2023). A review of fibre reinforced polymer bridges. Fibers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib11050040"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kossakowski, P.G., and Wcislik, W. (2022). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the construction of bridges: Opportunities, problems and challenges. Fibers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib10040037"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.12.092","article-title":"Fiber reinforced polymer composites in bridge industry","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023049","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCOF2.CCENG-4239","article-title":"Durability assessment of the first externally bonded FRP repair of a publicly owned bridge in the United States after 26 years of service","volume":"27","author":"Milev","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsuhaibani, E., Yazdani, N., and Beneberu, E. (2022). Durability and long-term performance prediction of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153207"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2000)5:2(107)","article-title":"Field performance of FRP bridge repairs","volume":"5","author":"Stallings","year":"2000","journal-title":"ASCE J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021028","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001134","article-title":"Performance of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete bridge girders after 12 years of service in coastal Florida","volume":"25","author":"Tartar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalilabad, E.H., Emparanza, A.R., De Caso, F., Roghani, H., Khodadadi, N., and Nanni, A. (2023). Characterization specifications for FRP pultruded materials: From constituents to pultruded profiles. Fibers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib11110093"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz, J.D., Dolati, S.S.K., Malla, P., Nanni, A., and Mehrabi, A. (2023). FRP-reinforced\/strengthened concrete: State-of-the-art review on durability and mechanical effects. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051990"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03124001","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCOF2.CCENG-4833","article-title":"Overview and aspects of the European technical specification CEN\/TS 19101:2022, \u201cDesign of Fibre-Polymer Composite Structures\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Correia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"151","article-title":"Strengthening of existing concrete structures with fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in the new version of Eurocode 2","volume":"74","author":"Oller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hormig. Y Acero"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023). Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures\u2014Guide (Standard No. ACI PRC-440.2-23)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, H., Ka, T.A., Li, X., Sun, K., Qin, K., Khuda, S.N.E., and Tafsirojjaman, T. (2025). Evaluation of tensile strength variability in fiber reinforced composite rods using statistical distributions. Front. Built Environ., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2024.1506743"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.190","article-title":"Probabilistic-based characterization of the mechanical properties of CFRP laminates","volume":"169","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:3(162)","article-title":"Reliability-based calibration of partial safety coefficients for fiber-reinforced plastic","volume":"6","author":"Monti","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2004.09.003","article-title":"Consideration of material variability in reliability analysis of FRP strengthened bridge decks","volume":"70","author":"Atadero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000315","article-title":"Reliability assessment of FRP-strengthened concrete bridge girders in shear","volume":"17","author":"Okeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2008.07.001","article-title":"Sources of uncertainty and design values for field-manufactured FRP","volume":"89","author":"Atadero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:8(1320)","article-title":"Statistical characterization of fiber-reinforced polymer composite material properties for structural design","volume":"13","author":"Zureick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2008.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical property variability in FRP laminates and its effect on failure prediction","volume":"39","author":"Lekou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024088","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCOF2.CCENG-4854","article-title":"Hygrothermal aging of pultruded fiber-polymer composite with predictions for design service lives","volume":"29","author":"Zafari","year":"2024","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mottram, J.T., and Henderson, J. (2018). FRP Bridges\u2014Guidance for Designers. CIRIA C779, CIRIA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:2(205)","article-title":"Long-term durability of state street bridge on Interstate 80","volume":"11","author":"Reay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000305","article-title":"Evaluating the long-term durability of externally bonded FRP via field assessment","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017). Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (Standard No. ACI 440.2R-17)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Reifsnider, K.L. (2020). Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics for Infrastructure Applications, Chapter 6 in Durability of Composite Systems, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatar, J., and Milev, S. (2021). Durability of externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites in concrete structures: A critical review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050765"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.107958","article-title":"A comprehensive review on mechanical properties of pultruded FRP composites subjected to long-term environmental effects","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0602001","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001040","article-title":"Reconsideration of the environmental reduction factor CE for GFRP reinforcing bars in concrete structures","volume":"24","author":"Benmokrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2017). Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (Standard No. ACI 440.1R-15)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Su, Q., Zhu, J., and Song, X. (2023). The aging behavior and life prediction of CFRP rods under a hygrothermal environment. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112490"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"201","article-title":"Durability of carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates used to reinforced concrete structures","volume":"18","author":"Nunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, R., Correia, L., Dushimimana, A., Cabral-Fonseca, S., and Sena-Cruz, J. (2021). Durability of epoxy adhesives and carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates used in strengthening systems: Accelerated ageing versus natural ageing. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14061533"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137201","article-title":"Behavior of CFRP composites and epoxy adhesives after long-term exposure to outdoor and laboratory-controlled environment","volume":"438","author":"Dushimimana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-022-4609-y","article-title":"Long-term durability study on mechanical and dynamic mechanical performance of high-performance carbon fiber-polymer laminates","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2025.109975","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of CFRP laminates after seawater immersion","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983221091465","article-title":"On the relationship between moisture uptake and mechanical property changes in a carbon fibre\/epoxy composite","volume":"56","author":"Bone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2008). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix (Standard No. ASTM D3039)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2016). Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates (Standard No. ASTM D2344)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998302036017977","article-title":"Effects of concrete based alkali Solutions on short-term durability of E-glass\/vinylester composites","volume":"36","author":"Karbhari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.03.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of pultruded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates at elevated temperatures","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.244","article-title":"Characterization of pultruded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (P-CFRP) under two elevated temperature-mechanical load cases: Residual thermos-mechanical regimes","volume":"165","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2025, June 30). Sika CarboDur. Available online: https:\/\/usa.sika.com\/dms\/getdocument.get\/c8cdaca2-8860-4fff-9179-0fa2c1290128\/sika_carbodur_s.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2008.07.003","article-title":"Hygrothermal effects on high Vf pultruded unidirectional carbon\/epoxy composites: Moisture uptake","volume":"40","author":"Karbhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2002). CHM-17, Volume 1: Polymer Matrix Composites\u2014Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials, HR-540, SAE International."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2019). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (Standard No. CSA S6:19 (R 2024)). Reaffirmed in 2024."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"FIB (2020). FIB Model Code for Concrete Structures, FIB."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1243\/0954410981532261","article-title":"Statistical aspects of failure of fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"212","author":"Wisnom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/002199837400800209","article-title":"Strength ratios of composite materials in flexure and in tension","volume":"8","author":"Bullock","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2006.06.001","article-title":"Design factors, reliability, and durability prediction of wet layup carbon\/epoxy used in external strengthening","volume":"38","author":"Karbhari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2007.06.004","article-title":"Calibration of resistance factors for reliability based design of externally-bonded FRP composites","volume":"39","author":"Atadero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2005.05.016","article-title":"Durability characterization of wet layup carbon\/epoxy composites used in external strengthening","volume":"37","author":"Abanilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2012.01.010","article-title":"Investigation of the long term effects of moisture on carbon fibre and epoxy matrix composites","volume":"72","author":"Zafar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/1369433217732664","article-title":"Durability study of pultruded carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates subjected to water immersion","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2006.02.023","article-title":"Interlaminar and intralaminar durability characterization of wet layup carbon\/epoxy used in external strengthening","volume":"37","author":"Abanilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.01.011","article-title":"Comparative durability evaluation of ambient temperature cured externally bonded CFRP and GFRP composite systems for repair of bridges","volume":"40","author":"Karbhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(00)00025-1","article-title":"Composite degradation due to fluid absorption","volume":"31","author":"Sala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaee, S., Kerr-Anderson, E., Johnson, A., Eastep, D., and Abdel-Magid, B. (2024). Effect of High Fiber Content on Properties and Performance of CFRTP Composites. J. Compos. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8090364"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998311418547","article-title":"Simple model to predict the interlaminar shear strength of laminate composites","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-06917-2","article-title":"Hydrothermal deterioration in carbon\/epoxy and glass\/epoxy composite laminates aged in marine-based environment (degradation mechanism, mechanical and physiochemical properties)","volume":"57","author":"Ghabezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125710","article-title":"Hygrothermal resistance of pultruded carbon, glass and carbon\/glass hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy composites","volume":"315","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(97)00017-1","article-title":"Influence of moisture on the thermal and mechanical properties of autoclaved and oven-cured Kevlar-49\/epoxy laminates","volume":"57","author":"Akay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.096","article-title":"Environmental durability of externally bonded FRP materials intended for repair of concrete structures","volume":"25","author":"Cromwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2014.10.034","article-title":"Durability study of pultruded CFRP plates immersed in water and seawater under sustained bending: Water uptake and effects on the mechanical properties","volume":"70","author":"Kafodya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105349","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab3e7e","article-title":"Water uptake and mechanical evolution behavior of carbon fiber reinforced plastic under saline and acidic environments","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uthaman, A., Xian, G., Thomas, S., Wang, Y., Zheng, Q., and Liu, X. (2020). Durability of an epoxy resin and its carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite upon immersion in water, acidic, and alkaline solution. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030614"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983231153937","article-title":"Deterioration mechanism of hydrothermal aging on the properties of carbon fiber\/epoxy composites in various media","volume":"57","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(81)90117-4","article-title":"The use of accelerated ageing procedures to predict the long-term strength of GRC composites","volume":"11","author":"Litherland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(82)90056-8","article-title":"Developments in the assessment and performance of GRC over 10 years","volume":"13","author":"Proctor","year":"1982","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Chin, J.W., Hughes, W.L., and Signor, A. (September, January 27). Elevated temperature aging of glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester and isophthalic polyester composites in water, salt water and concrete pore water solutions. Proceedings of the 16th ASCE Conference, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:2(148)","article-title":"E-glass\/vinylester composites in aqueous environments: Effects on short-beam shear strength","volume":"8","author":"Karbhari","year":"2004","journal-title":"ASCE J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111405","article-title":"Influence of salt concentration and pH value on the degradation of epoxy resin used in FRP bars under simulated marine conditions","volume":"98","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2015). Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement of Concrete Test Methods Part1: FRP Bars and Grids (Standard No. ISO\/TC 71\/SC 6). ISO\/TC 71\/SC 6."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:05:47Z","timestamp":1760033147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/13\/1886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17131886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17131886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}}}