{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:00:30Z","timestamp":1780668030539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-006-105-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-006-105-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-006-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-006-027-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-182-030-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-182-030-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2314-B-006-120-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2314-B-006-120-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["CMRPG 3M0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3M0382"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["3P0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P0041"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Taiwan","award":["3P0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P0042"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-006-105-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-006-105-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-006-027-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-006-027-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-182-030-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-182-030-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 111-2314-B-006-120-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2314-B-006-120-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG 3M0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3M0382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P0042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare-associated infection, mainly through medical device-associated infection, remains a critical issue in hospital care. Bacterial adhesion, proliferation, and biofilm formation on the device surface have been considered the foremost cause of medical device-associated infection. Different means have been explored to reduce microbial attachment and proliferation, including forming a bactericidal or microbial adhesion-resistant surface layer. Fear of limited bactericidal capability if the dead microbes remained adhered to the surface has withheld the widespread use of a bactericidal surface in medical devices if it was intended for long-term use. By contrast, constructing a microbial adhesion-resistant or antifouling surface, such as a surface with zwitterionic functionality, would be more feasible for devices intended to be used for the long term. Nevertheless, a sophisticated multi-step chemical reaction process would be needed. Instead, a simple immersion method that utilized a novel mussel-inspired catechol compound with zwitterionic sulfobetaine functionality, ZDS, was explored in this investigation for the surface modification of substrates with distinctively different surface characteristics, including titanium and polyvinyl chloride. Dopamine, NaIO4 oxidants, and chemicals that could affect ionic interactions (NaCl and polyethyleneimine) were added to the ZDS-containing immersion solution to compare their effects on modifying titanium and PVC substrates. Furthermore, a layer-by-layer immersion method, in which the substrate was first immersed in the no-ZDS-added dopamine-containing solution, followed by the ZDS-containing solution, was also attempted on the PVC substrate. By properly selecting the immersion solution formulation and additional NaIO4 oxidation modification, the antibacterial capability of ZDS-modified substrates can be optimized without causing cytotoxicity. The maximum antibacterial percentages against S. aureus were 84.2% and 81.7% for the modified titanium and PVC substrate, respectively, and both modified surfaces did not show any cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1753196442000},"page":"2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surface Modification of Medical-Grade Titanium and Polyvinyl Chloride with a Novel Catechol-Terminated Compound Containing Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Functionality for Antibacterial Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nai-Chia","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Min","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0070-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jui-Che","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1039\/b818698g","article-title":"Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections","volume":"19","author":"Page","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111674","article-title":"Effect of alkyl chain length and fluorine content on the surface characteristics and antibacterial activity of surfaces grafted with brushes containing quaternized ammonium and fluoro-containing monomers","volume":"202","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.H., Zeng, X.Z., Chiu, W.Y., and Lin, J.C. (2024). A Facile Surface Modification Scheme for Medical-Grade Titanium and Polypropylene Using a Novel Mussel-Inspired Biomimetic Polymer with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Functionalities for Antibacterial Application. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040503"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801381","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801381","article-title":"Responsive and Synergistic Antibacterial Coatings: Fighting against Bacteria in a Smart and Effective Way","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100368","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100368","article-title":"Surface Design for Antibacterial Materials: From Fundamentals to Advanced Strategies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00659A","article-title":"The recent advances in surface antibacterial strategies for biomedical catheters","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11255","DOI":"10.1021\/la061384v","article-title":"Surfaces of fluorinated pyridinium block copolymers with enhanced antibacterial activity","volume":"22","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1657-y","article-title":"Surface-oriented fluorinated pyridinium silicone with enhanced antibacterial activity on cotton via supercritical impregnation","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1994.070520507","article-title":"Polymeric Phosphonium Salts as a Novel Class of Cationic Biocides. 6. Antibacterial Activity of Fibers Surface-Treated with Phosphonium Salts Containing Trimethoxysilane Groups","volume":"52","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00094A","article-title":"Studies of PET nonwovens modified by novel antimicrobials configured with both halamine and dual quaternary ammonium with different alkyl chain length","volume":"9","author":"Chien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rsc Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.08.040","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo comparisons of staphylococcal biofilm formation on a cross-linked poly (ethylene glycol)-based polymer coating","volume":"6","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6912","DOI":"10.1021\/la034032m","article-title":"Covalent attachment of poly (ethylene glycol) to surfaces, critical for reducing bacterial adhesion","volume":"19","author":"Kingshott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00245-7","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion on PEG modified polyurethane surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Qi, Y., Zhou, Y., Sun, X., and Zhang, Z. (2021). Microstructure and properties of poly (ethylene glycol)-segmented polyurethane antifouling coatings after immersion in seawater. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040573"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM02862G","article-title":"Semiflexible polymer brushes and the brush-mushroom crossover","volume":"11","author":"Egorov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2016.04.038","article-title":"Antiadhesive zwitterionic poly-(sulphobetaine methacrylate) brush coating functionalized with triclosan for high-efficiency antibacterial performance","volume":"97","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1021\/la010384m","article-title":"A survey of structure\u2212 property relationships of surfaces that resist the adsorption of protein","volume":"17","author":"Ostuni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3390\/polym6051544","article-title":"Structures and synthesis of zwitterionic polymers","volume":"6","author":"Laschewsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16625","DOI":"10.1021\/jp107272n","article-title":"Difference in hydration between carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine","volume":"114","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3094534","article-title":"Effect of carbon spacer length on zwitterionic carboxybetaines","volume":"117","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10799","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057266i","article-title":"Surface grafted sulfobetaine polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization as superlow fouling coatings","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00296","article-title":"Biomimetic-Engineered Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Materials","volume":"6","author":"Ishihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.07.035","article-title":"Solvent and concentration effects on the surface characteristics and platelet compatibility of zwitterionic sulfobetaine-terminated self-assembled monolayers","volume":"101","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z.H., Wu, W.Z., Yu, M.Z., Wang, Z., Yang, Z.Y., Xing, X.D., Chen, X.F., Niu, L.N., Yu, F., and Xiao, Y.H. (2023). Mussel-inspired polymer with catechol and cationic Lys functionalities for dentin wet bonding. Mater. Today Bio, 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100506"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00451","article-title":"Catechol-Functionalized Synthetic Polymer as a Dental Adhesive to Contaminated Dentin Surface for a Composite Restoration","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-062910-100429","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired Adhesives and Coatings","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.157265","article-title":"Mussel-inspired adhesive friction-controlled lubricating coating for titanium alloy used in artificial joint replacement","volume":"626","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00849G","article-title":"Mussel-inspired hydrogels: From design principles to promising applications","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201152","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202201152","article-title":"Bacteriophobic Zwitterionic\/Dopamine Coatings for Medical Elastomers","volume":"9","author":"Cabanach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147241","article-title":"Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings","volume":"318","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237265","article-title":"One-Step Assembly of Coordination Complexes for Versatile Film and Particle Engineering","volume":"341","author":"Ejima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202127","article-title":"Building-Block Diversity in Polydopamine Underpins a Multifunctional Eumelanin-Type Platform Tunable Through a Quinone Control Point","volume":"23","author":"Avolio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6358","article-title":"Polydopamine: A bioinspired adhesive and surface modification platform","volume":"71","author":"Feinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201900445","article-title":"Chemistry of Polydopamine\u2014Scope, Variation, and Limitation","volume":"2019","author":"Liebscher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsbt.2016.11.001","article-title":"Mussel-inspired polydopamine for bio-surface functionalization","volume":"2","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosurface Biotribology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34356","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b11092","article-title":"Dopamine-Triggered One-Step Polymerization and Codeposition of Acrylate Monomers for Functional Coatings","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130505","article-title":"Improvement of permeability and antifouling performance of PVDF membranes via dopamine-assisted deposition of zwitterionic copolymer","volume":"656","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c00602","article-title":"Dopamine-Mediated Zwitterionic Polyelectrolyte-Coated Polypropylene Hernia Mesh with Synergistic Anti-inflammation Effects","volume":"36","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b00990","article-title":"Functionalization of polydopamine via the aza-michael reaction for antimicrobial interfaces","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03810","article-title":"Rapid mussel-inspired surface zwitteration for enhanced antifouling and antibacterial properties","volume":"35","author":"Asha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03454","article-title":"Oxidation-Mediated, Zwitterionic Polydopamine Coatings for Marine Antifouling Applications","volume":"35","author":"Yeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201510724","article-title":"CuSO4\/H2O2-Induced Rapid Deposition of Polydopamine Coatings with High Uniformity and Enhanced Stability","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Edit."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, V. (2018). Polydopamine Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Synthesis Methods and Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotech., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00109"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202721q","article-title":"Compact Zwitterion-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biological Applications","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices. Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices. Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials (Standard No. ISO 10993-12:2021)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.08.026","article-title":"Towards bio-compatible magnetic nanoparticles: Immune-related effects, in-vitro internalization, and in-vivo bio-distribution of zwitterionic ferrite nanoparticles with unexpected renal clearance","volume":"582","author":"Ferretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6664","DOI":"10.1021\/am500362k","article-title":"One-Step Dip Coating of Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Polymers on Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces","volume":"6","author":"Sundaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13123","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b02454","article-title":"Co-deposition Kinetics of Polydopamine\/Polyethyleneimine Coatings: Effects of Solution Composition and Substrate Surface","volume":"34","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1021\/la047721m","article-title":"Thermally- and photoinduced changes in the water wettability of low-surface-area silica and titania","volume":"21","author":"Kanta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie, H., Barrere, A., Schoentstein, F., Chavanne, M.-H., Grosgogeat, B., and Mora, L. (2012). PEM anchorage on titanium using catechol grafting. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050326"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36303-8","article-title":"New insights in polydopamine formation via surface adsorption","volume":"14","author":"Hemmatpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, H.D., Ren, J., Kong, Y., Ji, Z.J., Guo, S.J., and Li, J.F. (2024). Recent Advances in Dopamine-Based Membrane Surface Modification and Its Membrane Distillation Applications. Membranes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes14040081"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC05512G","article-title":"Revisiting the adhesion mechanism of mussel-inspired chemistry","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.04.011","article-title":"Dopamine-assisted co-deposition: An emerging and promising strategy for surface modification","volume":"256","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05620","article-title":"Dopamine-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Deposition Providing Coatings with Controlled Thickness, Roughness, and Functional Properties","volume":"8","author":"Qie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Omega"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.11.031","article-title":"Mechanically durable antibacterial nanocoatings based on zwitterionic copolymers containing dopamine segments","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-C., Nogan, J., Yang, Z.-P., Kort-Kamp, W.J., Ross, W., Luk, T.S., Dalvit, D.A., Azad, A.K., and Chen, H.-T. (2019). Highly plasmonic titanium nitride by room-temperature sputtering. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51236-3"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2013.03.039","article-title":"High-speed deposition of titanium carbide coatings by laser-assisted metal\u2013organic CVD","volume":"48","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.N., Sim, U., and Kim, J.K. (2020). Biopolymer-inspired N-doped nanocarbon using carbonized polydopamine: A high-performance electrocatalyst for hydrogen-evolution reaction. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040912"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, H., Zhang, Q., Lin, L., He, X., and Wang, L. (2023). A Self-Healable and Recyclable Zwitterionic Polyurethane Based on Dynamic Ionic Interactions. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051270"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435603","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/43\/435603","article-title":"Titanium carbide\/carbon composite nanofibers prepared by a plasma process","volume":"21","author":"Gautron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, F., Gorthy, R., Mardon, I., Tang, D., and Goode, C. (2022). Low voltage environmentally friendly plasma electrolytic oxidation process for titanium alloys. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09693-w"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00053E","article-title":"Anti-biofouling materials and surfaces based on mussel-inspired chemistry","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6956","DOI":"10.1021\/jp503473u","article-title":"Differences in cationic and anionic charge densities dictate zwitterionic associations and stimuli responses","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721741","article-title":"Biomedical uses of sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic materials","volume":"2","author":"Zaccarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2341\/15-059-L","article-title":"In Vitro Biocompatibility of Contemporary Bulk-fill Composites","volume":"40","author":"Toh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-336","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of contemporary bulk-fill dental composites: A real-time cell analysis","volume":"39","author":"Demirel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/15\/2006\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:14:06Z","timestamp":1760033646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/15\/2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17152006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17152006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]}}}