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However, there is room for improvement regarding their anticoagulant properties when coming into contact with blood. In the present study, commercial PES membranes were plasma-treated and then chemically modified with crown ether, an organic compound that could interfere with the coagulation cascade by complexating Ca2+ in the blood. The physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of the membranes were determined by FT-IR, XPS, TGA, SEM, and CT analyses, while their efficiency in retaining calcium ions was evaluated via ICP-MS. The results revealed that plasma treatment with a mixture of argon and ammonia was the most effective in generating nitrogen-containing surface functional groups and that these moieties can be successfully used for the covalent functionalization of the membranes. Also, the Ca2+ retention ability of the PES membranes was improved by up to 30% after chemical modification with 4\u2032-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"2184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Crown Ether-Functionalized Polyethersulfone Membranes with Potential Applications in Hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Madalina","family":"Oprea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Polymers Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6885-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Madalina","family":"Pandele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Polymers Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin Ionel","family":"Enachescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 17 Bulevardul Marasti, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulian Vasile","family":"Antoniac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei Street, District 5, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7191-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan Ioan","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Polymers Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei Street, District 5, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Maria","family":"Fratila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Military Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.122911","article-title":"A critical review of recent advances in hemodialysis membranes hemocompatibility and guidelines for future development","volume":"248","author":"Mollahosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. 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