{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:48:40Z","timestamp":1778824120146,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["E15F22000630001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E15F22000630001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for smart bone substitutes has boosted the implementation of biomaterials possibly endowed with both pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic capabilities, among which bioactive glasses hold great potential. Hence, two Poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL)-based composites were loaded at 10 wt.%, with either pristine (SBA3) or copper-doped (SBA3_Cu) silica-based bioactive glasses, through a solvent casting method with chloroform. Neat PCL was used as a control. Samples produced by 3D printing underwent SEM and EDX analyses, and the following were measured: tensile strength and hardness, surface roughness, ion release through ICP-OES, surface free energy, and optical contact angle. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were used to test the biocompatibility of the materials through cell adhesion, spreading, and viability assays. A significant improvement in tensile strength and hardness was observed especially with Cu-doped composites. Both SBA3 and SBA3_Cu added to the PCL favored the early adhesion and the proliferation of HMEC-1 after 3 and 7 days, while ASCs proliferated significantly the most on the SBA-containing composite, at all the time points. Cellular morphology analysis highlighted interesting adaptation patterns to the samples. Further biological characterizations are needed to understand thoroughly how specific bioactive glasses may interact with different cellular types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T16:09:55Z","timestamp":1755274195000},"page":"2229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early Biological Response to Poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) PCL\u2014Bioactive Glass Composites Obtained by 3D Printing as Bone Substitutes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mosca Balma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2955-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pedraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3029-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Roato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7781-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Orrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2733-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Meinardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bertinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. 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