{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:43Z","timestamp":1760060323124,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the elastoplastic behavior of phenol formaldehyde\/polyvinyl butyral matrix (70% PF\/30% PVB) reinforced with Kevlar\u00ae fibers through comprehensive in-plane tensile testing. Cyclic loading\u2013unloading tests were conducted at a 100%\/min strain rate using a universal testing system at room temperature on 04, 904, and \u00b145s laminates. The experimental results revealed significant nonlinear hardening behavior beyond yield stress, accompanied by yarn stiffening effects during loading cycles. A novel elastoplastic constitutive model was developed, incorporating Hill\u2019s yield criterion adapted for orthotropic materials and an isotropic hardening function that accounts for equivalent plastic strains and progressive yarn stiffening. Laminates with other stacking sequences were also tested and the accuracy of the predictions of the nonlinear behavior was assessed. In these laminates, delaminations took place and the model provided an overestimation of the stress\u2013strain response. Since the model could not predict delamination onset and propagation, an adaptation of the model considering fully delaminated interfaces brought a lower bound of this response. Despite the limitations of the model, it can be used to provide reasonable limits to the stress\u2013strain response of laminates accounting for plastic strains within plies. This study provides essential mechanical properties and constitutive relationships for designing Kevlar\u00ae composite structures with tailored stiffness characteristics for impact-resistant applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elastoplastic Modeling of Kevlar\u00ae Composite Laminates: A Cyclic Loading Approach for In-Plane Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1874-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene Alejandro","family":"Canceco de la Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4365-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Adri\u00e1n","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Plascencia Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"D\u00edaz D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Martin","family":"Herrera Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Daniel, I.M., and Ishai, O. (2006). Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Oxford university press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, August 14). COMSOL Multiphysics. Composite Materials Module. User Guide. Available online: https:\/\/doc.comsol.com\/6.0\/doc\/com.comsol.help.compmat\/CompositeMaterialsModuleUsersGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hoof, J.V. (1999). Modelling of Impact Induced Delamination in Composite Materials. 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