{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:54:28Z","timestamp":1790639668936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"project Ricerca Ateneo 2024 of Sapienza University of Rom","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1241906ED04046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1241906ED04046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems is an increasing environmental concern, prompting the search for biodegradable polymer (BP) alternatives. However, their degradation in natural aquatic environments remains poorly investigated and understood. This four-month in situ study compared the degradation in a lentic freshwater ecosystem of two compostable items, Mater-Bi\u00ae shopping bag and disposable dish, with their respective pure polymer matrices, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA). Additionally, biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and oil-based polypropylene (PP) were also tested. Changes in morphology, chemical composition and thermal and mechanical properties, as well as microbial colonization, were analyzed over time. A validated cleaning protocol was employed to ensure accurate surface analysis. Results showed detectable but limited degradation of pure polymers and their matrices in commercial products after 120 days of immersion with variations observed among polymer materials. Compostable materials exhibited significant leaching of fillers (starch, inorganic particles), leading to morphological changes and fragmentation. PHBV showed the fastest degradation among tested polyesters. PP exhibited only minor surface changes. Microbial colonization varied with polymer structure and degradability, but long-term degradation was limited by polymer properties and the gradual development of the plastisphere. This study highlights that standard laboratory tests may overestimate the environmental degradability of BPs and emphasizes the importance of in situ assessments, careful cleaning procedures and property characterizations to accurately assess polymer degradation in freshwater systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biodegradation in Freshwater: Comparison Between Compostable Plastics and Their Biopolymer Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Valerio","family":"Bocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute, CNR-IRSA, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"De Vivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute, CNR-IRSA, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Pippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute, CNR-IRSA, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loris","family":"Pietrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legambiente, Scientific Committee, 00199 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6401-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadl2746","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2746","article-title":"Twenty years of microplastic pollution research\u2014What have we learned?","volume":"386","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, M., and Lambert, S. (2018). Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview in Freshwater Microplastics, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61615-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134366","article-title":"Hazard evaluation of plastic mixtures from four Italian subalpine great lakes on the basis of laboratory exposures of zebra mussels","volume":"699","author":"Binelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallitelli, L., Cera, A., Cesarini, G., Pietrelli, L., and Scalici, M. (2021). Preliminary indoor evidences of microplastic effects on freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80606-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136968","article-title":"Microbial degradation and other environmental aspects of microplastics\/plastics","volume":"715","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Letcher, T.M. (2020). European Union\u2019s plastic strategy and an impact assessment of the proposed directive on tackling single-use plastics items. Plastic Waste and Recycling, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.10.006","article-title":"Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments","volume":"59","author":"Emadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171792","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171792","article-title":"Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110085","article-title":"Evaluation of the biodegradation of polymeric materials in the freshwater environment\u2014An attempt to prolong and accelerate the biodegradation experiment","volume":"203","author":"Sasinkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degr. Stab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7137","DOI":"10.1021\/es401288x","article-title":"Life in the \u201cPlastisphere\u201d: Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris","volume":"47","author":"Zettler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143536","article-title":"Plastic biodegradation: Frontline microbes and their enzymes","volume":"759","author":"Amobonye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01368-4","article-title":"Degradation of Polyethylene and Biocomponent-Derived Polymer Materials: An Overview","volume":"27","author":"Gondek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160953","article-title":"Bioremediation of microplastics in freshwater environments: A systematic review of biofilm culture, degradation mechanisms, and analytical methods","volume":"863","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154841","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for poly(ethylene terephthalate) degradation","volume":"831","author":"Kosiorowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021). European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Biodegradability of Plastics in the Open Environment, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.04.078","article-title":"Biodegradation of mixture of plastic films by tailored marine consortia","volume":"375","author":"Syranidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1290441","article-title":"Microbial colonization patterns and biodegradation of petrochemical and biodegradable plastics in lake waters: Insights from a field experiment","volume":"14","author":"Bocci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116429","article-title":"Microplastic-associated biofilms in lentic Italian ecosystems","volume":"187","author":"Venezia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-023-01590-z","article-title":"Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) through application of indigenous strain Alcaligenes faecalis ISJ128","volume":"45","author":"Devi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.09.016","article-title":"Ethanol disinfection affects physical properties and cell response of electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds","volume":"48","author":"Gualandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.11.4605-4614.2000","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Small-Subunit rRNA Genes in Mixed Microbial Populations via 5\u2032-Nuclease Assays","volume":"66","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czekalski, N., Berthold, T., Caucci, S., Egli, A., and Burmann, H. (2012). Increased Levels of Multiresistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes after Wastewater Treatment and Their Dissemination into Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00106"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., Kopitzky, R., Tolga, S., and Kabasci, S. (2019). Polylactide (PLA) and Its Blends with Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS): A Brief Review. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071193"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1021\/jp500219j","article-title":"Analysis of Structural Rearrangements of Poly(lactic acid) in the Presence of Water","volume":"118","author":"Vyavahare","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-023-04848-9","article-title":"Thermal, crystallization, and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA)\/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends","volume":"81","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54659","DOI":"10.1002\/app.54659","article-title":"Recycling of poly(lactic acid)\/poly(butylene succinate) (PLA\/PBS) blends with high amounts of secondary raw material","volume":"140","author":"Koca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14538-z","article-title":"Ranking environmental degradation trends of plastic marine debris based on physical properties and molecular structure","volume":"11","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9915","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00876","article-title":"A Review of Biodegradable Plastics: Chemistry, Applications, Properties, and Future Research Needs","volume":"123","author":"Hochan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133170","article-title":"Deterioration of single-use biodegradable plastics in high-humidity air and freshwaters over one year: Significant disparities in surface physicochemical characteristics and degradation rates","volume":"465","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126526","article-title":"Microbial biofilm composition and polymer degradation of compostable and non-compostable plastics immersed in the marine environment","volume":"419","author":"Delacuvellerie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2019017","article-title":"Slow degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in a stream and its riparian area","volume":"55","author":"Artru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. De Limnol. -Int. J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700048","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201700048","article-title":"Fate of So-Called Biodegradable Polymers in Seawater and Freshwater","volume":"1","author":"Bagheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.07.042","article-title":"Formation of microscopic particles during the degradation of different polymers","volume":"161","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldas, M., Ray\u00f3n, E., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, J., and Arrieta, M.P. (2020). A Deeper Microscopic Study of the Interaction between Gum Rosin Derivatives and a Mater-Bi Type Bioplastic. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010226"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15340","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28863","article-title":"Enhancing PBAT nanocomposite films: The impact of AgVO3 nanorods on mechanical, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial properties","volume":"45","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.025","article-title":"Thermal and composting degradation of EVA\/Thermoplastic starch blends and their nanocomposites","volume":"159","author":"Sessini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5127","article-title":"Influence of incorporation of starch nanoparticles in PBAT\/TPS composite films","volume":"65","author":"Druzian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133166","article-title":"Traditional and biodegradable plastics host distinct and potentially more hazardous microbes when compared to both natural materials and planktonic community","volume":"465","author":"Sabatino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03992-4","article-title":"Screening and characterization of novel lipase producing Bacillus species from agricultural soil with high hydrolytic activity against PBAT poly (butylene adipate co terephthalate) co-polyesters","volume":"79","author":"Kanwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03946-w","article-title":"Enzymatic degradation of poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) copolymer using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and effect of PBAT on plant growth","volume":"79","author":"Kanwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.007","article-title":"Soil burial biodegradation of antimicrobial biodegradable PBAT films","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129361","article-title":"Disposable Mater-Bi\u00ae bioplastic tableware: Characterization and assessment of anaerobic biodegradability","volume":"355","author":"Falzarano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01251","article-title":"The effects of blend ratio and storage time on thermoplastic starch\/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films","volume":"5","author":"Garalde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20240303","article-title":"Self-nucleation in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) of initially different crystal forms","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117123","article-title":"Microplastics generated from a biodegradable plastic in freshwater and seawater","volume":"198","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Wu, G., Bian, X., Zeng, J., and Weng, Y. (2020). Biodegradation Behavior of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT), Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA), and Their Blend in Freshwater with Sediment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173946"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110122","article-title":"Hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)\u2014Towards an understanding of microplastics fragmentation","volume":"205","author":"Deshoulles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125770","article-title":"Monitoring of degradation of starch-based biopolymer film under different composting conditions, using TGA, FTIR and SEM analysis","volume":"246","author":"Ruggero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2014.09.009","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy for analysis of crystallinity of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) polymers and its utilization in evaluation of aging, orientation and composition","volume":"40","author":"Kann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00383-X","article-title":"A study of physical and mechanical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) during composting","volume":"80","author":"Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119841","article-title":"Use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy for studying the bio-oxidation of plastics","volume":"258","author":"Sandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142933","article-title":"Microbial Allies in Plastic Degradation: Specific bacterial genera as universal plastic-degraders in various environments","volume":"363","author":"Hrynkiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24770","article-title":"Degradation of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) compound in different environments","volume":"10","author":"Lyshtva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132242","article-title":"Reliable methodology to determine biotransformation of PBAT in anaerobic conditions","volume":"424","author":"Wimmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cucina, M., Soggia, G., De Nisi, P., Giordano, A., and Adani, F. (2022). Assessing the anaerobic degradability and the potential recovery of biomethane from different biodegradable bioplastics in a full-scale approach. Bioresour. Technol., 354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127224"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1039\/D3VA00222E","article-title":"Management strategies for single-use plastics: Lessons to learn from Indian approach of minimizing microplastic waste","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-011-0760-6","article-title":"Distribution and Degradation of Fresh Water Plastic Particles Along the Beaches of Lake Huron, Canada","volume":"220","author":"Zbyszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EN00742A","article-title":"Elucidating the effects of naturally weathered aged-polypropylene microplastics and newly procured polypropylene microplastics on raw 264.7 macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Koner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Sharma, A., Batra, N., and Pareek, A. (2025). Biodegradation assessment of polythene by microalgae growing on polythene debris from fresh water bodies. Iran. Polym. J., 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13726-025-01475-1"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/16\/2236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:29:21Z","timestamp":1760034561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/16\/2236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17162236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17162236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]}}}