{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:43:31Z","timestamp":1792093411423,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["5220-4236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5220-4236"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024GX-YBXM-392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GX-YBXM-392"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["5220-4236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5220-4236"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024GX-YBXM-392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GX-YBXM-392"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered extensive application across various domains. However, frequent safety incidents associated with these LIBs have emerged as a significant impediment to their further advancement. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to develop a novel fire extinguishing agent that possesses both rapid fire suppression and efficient cooling capabilities, thereby effectively mitigating the occurrence and propagation of fires in LIBs. This study pioneers the development of an adaptive thermosensitive microcapsule (TM) fire extinguishing agent synthesized via in situ polymerization. The TM encapsulates a ternary composite core\u2014perfluorohexanone (C6F12O), heptafluorocyclopentane (C5H3F7), and 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP)\u2014within a melamine\u2013urea\u2013formaldehyde (MUF) resin shell. The TM was prepared via in situ polymerization, combined with FE-SEM, FTIR, TG\u2013DSC, and laser particle size analysis to verify that the TM had a uniform particle size and complete coating structure. The results demonstrate that the TM can effectively suppress the thermal runaway (TR) of LIBs through the synergistic effects of physical cooling, chemical suppression, and gas isolation. Specifically, the peak TR temperature of a single-cell LIB is reduced by 14.0 \u00b0C, and the heating rate is decreased by 0.17 \u00b0C\/s. Additionally, TM successfully blocked the propagation of TR thereby preventing its spread in the dual-LIB module test. Limitations of single-component agents are overcome by this innovative system by leveraging the ternary core\u2019s complementary functionalities, enabling autonomous TR suppression without external systems. Furthermore, the TM design integrates precise thermal responsiveness, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, offering a transformative safety solution for next-generation LIBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"2374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Thermal Runaway Suppression Mechanism of Thermosensitive Microcapsules for Lithium-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zujin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Exploitation and Disaster Prevention in Western China (XUST), Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Exploitation and Disaster Prevention in Western China (XUST), Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Exploitation and Disaster Prevention in Western China (XUST), Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Exploitation and Disaster Prevention in Western China (XUST), Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109337","article-title":"Understanding the influence of the confined cabinet on thermal runaway of large format batteries with different chemistries: A comparison and safety assessment study","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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