{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:41:47Z","timestamp":1791985307475,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-73-30030-\u041f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-73-30030-\u041f"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-00276-25-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-00276-25-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFSM-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFSM-2024-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["21-73-30030-\u041f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-73-30030-\u041f"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-00276-25-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-00276-25-00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["FFSM-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFSM-2024-0001"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Access Center \u201cCenter for Polymer Research\u201d of ISPM RAS","award":["21-73-30030-\u041f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-73-30030-\u041f"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Access Center \u201cCenter for Polymer Research\u201d of ISPM RAS","award":["075-00276-25-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-00276-25-00"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Access Center \u201cCenter for Polymer Research\u201d of ISPM RAS","award":["FFSM-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFSM-2024-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present experimental investigations of the surface structure and water contact angles of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), which are controlled by an external magnetic field. Specifically, we examine how the polymer matrix architecture affects the surface roughness and wettability of MAEs in various magnetic fields. We performed a comparative analysis on MAEs based on a linear polysiloxane network and on a matrix of the same chemical nature containing side-grafted chains. We synthesized a series of magnetoactive elastomers containing 75 wt.% carbonyl iron and varying amounts of a low-molecular-weight plasticizer. Although the magnetorheological effect is higher for traditional linear MAEs, we found that the magnetic response in surface properties is higher for novel MAEs with side-grafted chains. The largest increase in water contact angle was observed in the side-chain MAEs with the highest 60 wt.% plasticizer content: rising from 112\u00b0 in a zero field to 168\u00b0 in a 490 mT magnetic field. Water contact angles exhibit greater stability over time for side-chain MAEs, and this stability further increases in the presence of a magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that the architecture of the polymer matrix serves as an effective tool for designing smart, magnetically responsive surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Magneto-Tunable Surface Roughness and Hydrophobicity of Magnetoactive Elastomers Based on Polymer Networks with Different Architectures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sobit E.","family":"Kirgizov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Physics Institute, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Kostrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS), 119334 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117393 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Yu.","family":"Kramarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117393 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gong, B., Sanford, A.R., and Ferguson, J.S. (2007). Magnetic Field-Responsive Smart Polymer Composites. Oligomers\u2014Polymer Composites\u2014Molecular Imprinting, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2014.10.001","article-title":"Tuned, driven, and active soft matter","volume":"554","author":"Menzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201400258","article-title":"Recent progress on magnetorheological solids: Materials, fabrication, testing, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Sutrisno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00419-015-1092-6","article-title":"Microstructure and rheology of magnetic hybrid materials","volume":"86","author":"Odenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Domracheva, N., Caporali, M., and Rentschler, E. (2018). Highly Responsive Magnetoactive Elastomers. Novel Magnetic Nanostructures, Elsevier. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.32931\/io1926r","article-title":"Magnetically active silicone elastomers: Twenty years of development","volume":"2","author":"Kramarenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"INEOS OPEN"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubaidillah, U., Lenggana, B.W., and Choi, S.B. (2022). Bibliometric Review of Magnetorheological Materials. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142315816"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadzharyan, T.A., Shamonin, M., and Kramarenko, E.Y. (2022). Theoretical Modeling of Magnetoactive Elastomers on Different Scales: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194096"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.11.044","article-title":"Effect of a homogeneous magnetic field on the viscoelastic behavior of magnetic elastomers","volume":"48","author":"Stepanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"105018","article-title":"X-ray micro-tomographic characterization of field-structured magnetorheologicalelastomers","volume":"21","author":"Borin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2014.06.046","article-title":"Magnetodeformation and Elastic Properties of Ferrogels and Ferroelastomers","volume":"413","author":"Zubarev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM00226J","article-title":"Effects of local rearrangement of magnetic particles on deformation in magneto-sensitive elastomers","volume":"15","author":"Romeis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11318","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm52523f","article-title":"Strong magnetodielectric effects in magnetorheological elastomers","volume":"9","author":"Semisalova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095054","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa82e9","article-title":"Magnetoactive Elastomer as an Element of a Magnetic Retina Fixator","volume":"26","author":"Makarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3160753","article-title":"A Snake-Inspired Multi-Segmented Magnetic Soft Robot Towards Medical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300677","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202300677","article-title":"A Review on Magnetic Smart Skin as Human\u2013Machine Interfaces","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bira, N., Dhagat, P., and Davidson, J.R. (2020). A Review of Magnetic Elastomers and Their Role in Soft Robotics. Front. Robot. AI, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.588391"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10549-7","article-title":"Multi-functional soft-bodied jellyfish-like swimming","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-024-00303-4","article-title":"Sustainable and untethered soft robots created using printable and recyclable ferromagnetic fibers","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bio-Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.112718","article-title":"3D printing of magneto-active smart materials for advanced actuators and soft robotics applications","volume":"205","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00389-7","article-title":"Soft actuators for real-world applications","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009364","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009364","article-title":"Elastomeric Haptic Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06273","article-title":"Magnetorheological elastomer films with tunable wetting and adhesion properties","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2017.10.074","article-title":"Controllable hydrophobicity of magnetoactive elastomer coatings","volume":"459","author":"Sorokin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46221","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46221","article-title":"Tunable surface roughness and wettability of a soft magnetoactive elastomer","volume":"135","author":"Glavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SM01850B","article-title":"Surface relief of magnetoactive elastomeric films in a homogeneous magnetic field: Molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"15","author":"Minina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200372","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200372","article-title":"Magnetically Switchable Adhesion and Friction of Soft Magnetoactive Elastomers","volume":"24","author":"Kovalev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.190929","article-title":"Optimal Plasticizer Content for Magnetic Elastomers Used for Cell Culture Substrate","volume":"49","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c03122","article-title":"Magnetic-Responsive Superhydrophobic Surface of Magnetorheological Elastomers Mimicking from Lotus Leaves to Rose Petals","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c02525","article-title":"Amine-Infused Hydrogels with Nonaqueous Solvents: Facile Platforms to Control CO2 Capture Performance","volume":"60","author":"Cameron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015030","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac3c05","article-title":"Study on Sliding Friction Characteristics of Magnetorheological Elastomer\u2014Copper Pair Affected by Magnetic-Controlled Surface Roughness and Elastic Modulus","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"SmartMater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210162","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0162","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive surfaces for switchable wettability and adhesion","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glavan, G., Kettl, W., Brunhuber, A., Shamonin, M., and Dreven\u0161ek-Olenik, I. (2019). Effect of Material Composition on Tunable Surface Roughness of Magnetoactive Elastomers. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040594"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045016","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aafc5d","article-title":"Magneto-induced surface morphologies in magnetorheological elastomer films: An analytical study","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Li, R., Li, X., and Wang, X. (2018). Magnetic Field Induced Surface Micro-Deformation of Magnetorheological Elastomers for Roughness Control. Front. Mater., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2018.00076"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia, J.A., Restrepo, J., Salinas, H.D., and Restrepo, E. (2023). Numerical Study on Surface Reconstruction and Roughness of Magnetorheological Elastomers. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11030046"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9507","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM02090J","article-title":"Field-induced surface deformation of magnetoactive elastomers with anisometric fillers: A single-particle model","volume":"15","author":"Nadzharyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.137658","article-title":"3D printing of soft magnetoactive superhydrophobic elastomers for droplet manipulation","volume":"379","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johari, M.A.F., Mazlan, S.A., Aziz, S.A.A., Zain, N., Nordin, N.A., Ubaidillah, U., Upadhyay, R.V., and Yusuf, S.M. (2024). Morphological Features of Magnetorheological Elastomer Degradation under a Natural Weathering Environment. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51736-x"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus, I., Kravanja, G., Hribar, L., Kriegl, R., Jezer\u0161ek, M., Shamonin, M., Drevensek-Olenik, I., and Kokot, G. (2024). Surface Modification of Magnetoactive Elastomers by Laser Micromachining. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17071550"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4508","article-title":"Solvent-free, supersoft and superelastic bottlebrush melts and networks","volume":"15","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23673","article-title":"Mimicking biological stress\u2013strain behavior with synthetic elastomers","volume":"549","author":"Daniel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b01216","article-title":"Bottlebrush bridge between soft gels and firm tissues","volume":"6","author":"Keith","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X20040082","article-title":"Low-Modulus Elastomeric Matrices for Magnetoactive Composites with a High Magnetic Field Response","volume":"62","author":"Kostrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1134\/S1560090422700579","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Magnetorheological Effect in Soft Isotropic and Anisotropic Magnetoactive Elastomers","volume":"64","author":"Kostrov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X23600655","article-title":"Influence of Distribution Anisotropy and Particle Shape on Magnetorheological Properties of Magnetoactive Elastomers","volume":"65","author":"Kostrov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c12860","article-title":"Regulating Tissue-Mimetic Mechanical Properties of Bottlebrush Elastomers by Magnetic Field","volume":"13","author":"Kostrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02690C","article-title":"Transient magnetorheological response of magnetoactive elastomers to step and pyramid excitations","volume":"12","author":"Belyaeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1021\/jp301482a","article-title":"Long Time Response of Soft Magnetorheological Gels","volume":"116","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1039\/C1PY00033K","article-title":"Magnetic polyurethane elastomers with wide range modulation of elasticity","volume":"2","author":"Mitsumata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075029","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/7\/075029","article-title":"Soft magnetorheological polymer gels with controllable rheological properties","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/17\/2411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:47Z","timestamp":1760035187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/17\/2411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17172411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17172411","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}