{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:21:26Z","timestamp":1791307286141,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional","award":["Support for graduate students during the development of their Final Graduation Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Support for graduate students during the development of their Final Graduation Project"]}]},{"name":"Canada Excellence Research Chair Program","award":["CERC\u20132018\u201300006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERC\u20132018\u201300006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["38623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pacific Economic Development Canada","award":["PacifiCan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PacifiCan"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pineapple leaf fibers (PALFs), obtained from abundant yet underutilized pineapple leaf residues, represent a promising feedstock for producing fibrillated cellulose. In this work, cellulosic fibers were isolated and characterized by Fiber Quality Analysis (FQA), showing lengths between 0.33 and 0.47 mm and widths of 12.2 \u00b5m after organosolv pulping using ethanol and acetic acid as a catalyst, followed by hydrogen peroxide bleaching with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid as a chelating agent. The cellulosic fibers were then subjected to TEMPO-mediated oxidation and subsequently disintegrated by microfluidization to produce micro-\/nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) with a carboxylate content of 0.85 and 1.00 mmol COO\u2212\/g, zeta potential of \u221241 and \u221253 mV, and average widths of 15 and 12 nm for unbleached and bleached nanofibrils, respectively. The nanofibrillation yields were 73% and 68% for the bleached and unbleached MNFC samples, indicating the presence of some non-fibrillated or partially fibrillated fractions. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed preservation of cellulose type I crystalline structure, with increased crystallinity, reaching 85% in the bleached MNFC. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a sequential process, combining organosolv pulping, hydrogen peroxide bleaching, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and microfluidization, for preparing MNFC from pineapple leaf fibers. Overall, this study highlights pineapple leaf residues as a sustainable source of MNFC, supporting strategies to transform agricultural waste into valuable bio-based materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Processing of Pineapple Leaf Fibers for the Production of Oxidized Micro-\/Nanofibrillated Cellulose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8101-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianelly","family":"Esquivel-Alfaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Science and Technology Laboratory (POLIUNA), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo (DOCINADE), Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5758-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belkis","family":"Sulbar\u00e1n-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Energy, University of Guadalajara Campus Tonal\u00e1, Tonal\u00e1 45425, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Rojas-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Science and Technology Laboratory (POLIUNA), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0295-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laria","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1848-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"S\u00e1enz-Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando J.","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.12.179","article-title":"Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal stability, degradation kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters of pineapple crown fibres","volume":"23","author":"Bernardes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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