{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1787828524897,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A polyamidoamine-based hydrogel (H-M-GLY) and its montmorillonite-based composite (H-M-GLY\/MMT) were studied as selective cleaning materials for cultural heritage conservation. H-M-GLY was synthesized from a glycine-based polyamidoamine oligomer with acrylamide terminals (M-GLY) through radical polymerization at pH 7.3 and had a basic character. The M-GLY oligomer was in turn synthesized from N,N\u2032-methylenebisacrylamide and glycine in a 1:0.85 molar ratio. H-M-GLY\/MMT was obtained by cross-linking a 1:0.1\u2014weight ratio\u2014M-GLY\/MMT mixture at pH 4.0, to promote polyamidoamine-MMT interaction. The composite hydrogel absorbed less water than the plain hydrogel and proved tougher, due to montmorillonite\u2019s electrostatic interactions with the positively charged M-GLY units. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that MMT was uniformly dispersed throughout the hydrogel. Both hydrogels were subjected to ink bleeding tests on papers written with either iron gall or India ink. Microscopic observation revealed neither bleeding nor release of hydrogel fragments. Being basic, H-M-GLY successfully deacidified the surface of aged paper. H-M-GLY\/MMT, swollen in a 1:9 ethanol\/water solution, was found to be effective in removing wax, known to trap carbonaceous particles and form dark stains on artistic artifacts. This study demonstrates the great potential of polyamidoamine-based hydrogels as versatile selective cleaning systems for cellulosic and other cultural heritage materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17192680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1759501108000},"page":"2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advanced Polyamidoamine Hydrogels for the Selective Cleaning of Artifacts in Heritage Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6402-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Ranucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1912-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Alongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-022-2348-7","article-title":"Advanced methodologies for the cleaning of works of art","volume":"66","author":"Casini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2016-0908","article-title":"Organogels for the cleaning of artifacts","volume":"89","author":"Pianorsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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