{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:42:51Z","timestamp":1789076571765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kocaeli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["Project No: FBA-2024-4297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No: FBA-2024-4297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study quantifies how pressurized water immersion alters the reciprocating sliding behavior of glass and Kevlar woven fabric-reinforced polymer hybrid composite laminates. Specimens were immersed in deionized water at 10 bar and 25 \u00b0C for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, then tested against a 6 mm 100Cr6 steel ball at 20 N under four regimes that combine 1 or 2 Hz with 10 m or 20 m total sliding. Water uptake rose from 0 to 8.54% by day 21 and followed a short-time Fickian square root of time trend, indicating diffusion-controlled sorption. The coefficient of friction exhibited a robust nonmonotonic response with a pronounced minimum at 14 days that was typically 20 to 40% lower than the unaged reference across frequencies and distances, while 7 days produced a partial decrease and 21 days trended upward. Three-dimensional profilometry showed progressive widening and deepening of wear tracks with immersion, for example, at 1 Hz and 10 m width increased from about 1596 to about 2050 to 2101 \u03bcm and depth from about 128 to about 184 to 185 \u03bcm, with a transient narrowing at 2 Hz after 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy corroborated a transition from mild plowing to matrix plasticization with fiber\u2013matrix debonding and debris compaction. Beyond geometric wear metrics, this study re-processed the existing profilometry and COF records to derive a moisture-dependent mechanistic approach. Moisture uptake up to 8.54% reorganizes the third body at the interface so that friction drops markedly at 14 days (typically 20\u201340% below the unaged state), while concurrent matrix plasticization and interface weakening enlarge the wear cross-section extracted from the same 3D maps, decoupling friction from damage width\/depth under wet conditioning. Factorial analysis ranked immersion time as the dominant driver of damage for width and depth with frequency as a secondary factor and sliding distance as a minor factor, highlighting immersion-controlled tribological design windows for marine and humid service.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17212944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"2944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Tribological Performance of Glass\/Kevlar Hybrid Epoxy Composites: Effects of Pressurized Water-Immersion Aging Under Reciprocating Sliding Wear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6777-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet \u0130skender","family":"\u00d6zsoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa \u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f","family":"\u00dcrg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aviation Electrics and Electronics, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Fidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erman","family":"G\u00fcle\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otokar Automotive Defense Industry Corp., Sakarya 54580, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-023-04310-x","article-title":"Investigation on quasi-static compression of circular CFRP tubes: Effect of EPP foam filling","volume":"45","author":"Yaren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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