{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:57:12Z","timestamp":1789275432107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200135"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200325"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200161"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) were synthesized from camphoric acid and diluted with styrene, partially replaced (up to 30%) by trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Rheological tests showed increased but sustainable viscosity due to TMPTA\u2019s higher polarity. These UPRs served as matrices for composites reinforced with non-woven bamboo and flax mats from recycled waste. Mechanical testing revealed that Cf-UPR\/TMPTA30 exhibited the highest tensile strength (25.2 MPa) and modulus (0.96 GPa), compared to 18.7 MPa and 0.74 GPa for the styrene-based resin, respectively, attributed to greater cross-link density. Bamboo composites showed lower tensile properties (13.6 MPa) due to random fiber orientation and porosity, while flax-reinforced systems, especially Cf-UPR\/TMPTA30\u2013FLAX, reached 42.7 MPa tensile and 95.5 MPa flexural strength, indicating synergy between TMPTA-modified resin and flax fibers. Dynamic-mechanical analysis confirmed stable thermo-mechanical behavior, and water uptake tests showed reduced absorption (by ~10%), suggesting improved fiber\/matrix adhesion. SEM images revealed brittle fracture and fiber pull-out in styrene systems, but fiber breakage and ductile textures in TMPTA-based ones, proving better stress transfer. Thermal analysis indicated slightly earlier degradation onset for TMPTA-modified resins but higher char yield in fiber composites. Overall, TMPTA substitution and flax reinforcement enhance the mechanical, interfacial, and thermal properties of bio-based UPRs, supporting sustainable high-performance composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17223038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T15:38:09Z","timestamp":1763393889000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Nature to Function: Green Composites Using Camphoric Acid-Based Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Bamboo\/Flax Non-Woven Reinforcements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-5088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slavko","family":"Mijatov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Materials and Protection, Military Technical Institute, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Savi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Brzi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Protection, Military Technical Institute, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ivanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Simi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Milo\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and TechnoEconomics, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Marinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKay, I., Vargas, J., Yang, L., and Felfel, R.M. 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