{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:58:16Z","timestamp":1782489496815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-73-00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-73-00094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents water-repellent coatings for pine wood surfaces based on epoxy varnish modified with glycidyl methacrylate\u2013(fluoro)alkyl methacrylate copolymers, achieving superhydrophobic properties with contact angles up to 155\u00b0 while maintaining the natural texture of the wood. The influence of the application method on the microtexture and water-repellent properties of the coatings has been demonstrated. Incorporating functional copolymers considerably improves water resistance: after 60 days of immersion, water absorption is reduced more than threefold compared to coatings made with unmodified epoxy varnish. Furthermore, the coatings maintain their water-repellent properties and preserve the wood\u2019s appearance even after six months of exposure to the tropical climate of South Vietnam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17233172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"3172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrophobic Properties of Pine Wood Coatings Based on Epoxy Varnish and (Fluoro)Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor V.","family":"Klimov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Faculty, Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Ave, 400005 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladislav V.","family":"Arkhipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Faculty, Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Ave, 400005 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Klimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Faculty, Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Ave, 400005 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9799-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manh D.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, 3, 3\/2 Str., District Vuon Lai, Ho Chi Minh City 740300, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2930-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Bryuzgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Faculty, Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Ave, 400005 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Navrotskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Faculty, Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Ave, 400005 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikle\u010di\u0107, J., and Jirou\u0161-Rajkovi\u0107, V. (2021). Effectiveness of Finishes in Protecting Wood from Liquid Water and Water Vapor. J. Build. Eng., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102621"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-007-0877-9","article-title":"Water Absorption of Boron-Treated and Heat-Modified Wood","volume":"53","author":"Kartal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4067\/s0718-221x2014005000023","article-title":"Moisture Absorption and Dimensional Stability of Poplar Wood Impregnated with Sucrose and Sodium Chloride","volume":"16","author":"Petr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maderas Cienc. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Moisture-Related Properties of Wood and the Effects of Moisture on Wood and Wood Products. Moisture Control in Buildings: The Key Factor in Mold Prevention, ASTM International. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchette, R.A., Zabel, R.A., and Morrell, J.J. (1993). Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention. Mycologia, 85.","DOI":"10.2307\/3760624"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-011-0406-2","article-title":"Chemical Modification of Simul Wood with Styrene\u2013Acrylonitrile Copolymer and Organically Modified Nanoclay","volume":"46","author":"Devi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2018.07.005","article-title":"A Multi-Physics Approach for Modeling Hygroscopic Behavior in Wood Low-Tech Architectural Adaptive Systems","volume":"106","author":"Abdelmohsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., and Shakher, C. (2016). Experimental Characterization of the Hygroscopic Properties of Wood during Convective Drying Using Digital Holographic Interferometry. Appl. Opt., 55.","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.000960"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-017-0960-3","article-title":"Swelling Interactions of Earlywood and Latewood across a Growth Ring: Global and Local Deformations","volume":"52","author":"Patera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.114","article-title":"Moisture and Temperature Induced Swelling\/Shrinkage of Softwood and Hardwood Glulam and LVL: An Experimental Study","volume":"207","author":"Chiniforush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ge-Zhang, S., Mu, P., Wang, X., Li, S., Qiao, L., and Mu, H. (2023). Advances in Sol-Gel-Based Superhydrophobic Coatings for Wood: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119675"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32844","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Wood Surfaces","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-031616-035020","article-title":"Diversity of Cuticular Micro- and Nanostructures on Insects: Properties, Functions, and Potential Applications","volume":"62","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-03758-1","article-title":"Fabrication of Transparent and Durable Superhydrophobic Polysiloxane\/SiO2 Coating on the Wood Surface","volume":"28","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21999","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13794A","article-title":"Robust Superhydrophobic Wood Obtained by Spraying Silicone Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Cheng, R., Jiang, H., Xia, S., Zhan, K., Yi, T., Morrell, J.J., Yang, L., Wan, H., and Du, G. (2022). Superhydrophobic Wood Fabricated by Epoxy\/Cu2(OH)3Cl NPs\/Stearic Acid with Performance of Desirable Self-Cleaning, Anti-Mold, Dimensional Stability, Mechanical and Chemical Durability. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 647.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129162"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.2.2585-2596","article-title":"Facile Preparation of Stable Superhydrophobic Coatings on Wood Surfaces Using Silica-Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2019-0184","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Wood Grafted by Poly(2-(Perfluorooctyl)Ethyl Methacrylate) via ATRP with Self-Cleaning, Abrasion Resistance and Anti-Mold Properties","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Wang, M., and He, Z. (2023). Superhydrophobic Wood Surfaces: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13050877"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11998-024-00955-y","article-title":"Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Superhydrophobic Coatings: Preparation, Properties, and Applications","volume":"22","author":"Nomeir","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Coat. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22286","article-title":"The Superhydrophobicity of Polymer Surfaces: Recent Developments","volume":"49","author":"Shirtcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchet, P., and Pepin, S. (2021). Trends in Chemical Wood Surface Improvements and Modifications: A Review of the Last Five Years. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11121514"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21210","article-title":"Friction Dynamics of Wood Coated with Vegetable Oil","volume":"70","author":"Nonomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1595-y","article-title":"Effect of Oil Impregnation on Water Repellency, Dimensional Stability and Mold Susceptibility of Thermally Modified European Aspen and Downy Birch Wood","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, C.C., Li, Y., Buzoglu Kurnaz, L., and Li, J. (2021). Development of Eco-Friendly Antifungal Coatings by Curing Natural Seed Oils on Wood. Prog. Org. Coat., 161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106512"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, X., Zhao, Z., Guo, H., Wang, Z., and Jin, C. (2022). Improved Properties of Bamboo by Thermal Treatment with Wood Wax Oil. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 643.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128807"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janesch, J., Arminger, B., Gindl-Altmutter, W., and Hansmann, C. (2020). Superhydrophobic Coatings on Wood Made of Plant Oil and Natural Wax. Prog. Org. Coat., 148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.105891"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calovi, M., Zanardi, A., and Rossi, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020736"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2014.923042","article-title":"Effect of Thermomechanical Densification on Surface Roughness of Wood Veneers","volume":"9","author":"Bekhta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodell, B., Nicholas, D.D., Schultz, T.P., and American Chemical Society (2003). Wood Deterioration and Preservation: Advances in Our Changing World, American Chemical Society.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2003-0845"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.02.020","article-title":"Mechanically Robust Hydrophobic Bio-Based Epoxy Coatings for Anti-Corrosion Application","volume":"363","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.020","article-title":"A Novel Phosphorus\u2212silicon Containing Epoxy Resin with Enhanced Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.05.038","article-title":"Self-Healing, Recoverable Epoxy Elastomers and Their Composites with Desirable Thermal Conductivities by Incorporating BN Fillers via in-Situ Polymerization","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparna, A., Sethulekshmi, A.S., Saritha, A., and Joseph, K. (2022). Recent Advances in Superhydrophobic Epoxy Based Nanocomposite Coatings and Their Applications. Prog. Org. Coat., 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2022.106819"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0044-2","article-title":"All-Organic Superhydrophobic Coatings with Mechanochemical Robustness and Liquid Impalement Resistance","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X25600307","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Coating Based on EP-140 Epoxy Enamel: A Study of Mechanical Endurance under External Actions","volume":"87","author":"Kuzina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzaabalawy, A., and Meguid, S.A. (2020). Development of Novel Superhydrophobic Coatings Using Siloxane-Modified Epoxy Nanocomposites. Chem. Eng. J., 398.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125403"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24357","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA03700D","article-title":"Facile Preparation of Superhydrophobic Wood Surfaces via Spraying of Aqueous Alkyl Ketene Dimer Dispersions","volume":"9","author":"Arminger","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saji, V.S. (2020). Wax-Based Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Coatings. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 602.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125132"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinins, J., Biziks, V., Marais, B.N., Rizikovs, J., and Militz, H. (2021). Weathering Stability and Durability of Birch Plywood Modified with Different Molecular Weight Phenol-Formaldehyde Oligomers. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020175"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-003-0176-6","article-title":"The Modification of Wood by Treatment with Low Molecular Weight Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin: A Properties Enhancement with Neutralized Phenolic-Resin and Resin Penetration into Wood Cell Walls","volume":"37","author":"Kajita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimov, V., Kolyaganova, O., Bryuzgin, E., Navrotsky, A., and Novakov, I. (2022). Effect of the Composition of Copolymers Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate and Fluoroalkyl Methacrylates on the Free Energy and Lyophilic Properties of the Modified Surface. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14101960"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1134\/S1560090424600438","article-title":"Influence of Composition of Copolymers of Glycidyl Methacrylate and Alkyl Methacrylates on the Free Energy and Lyophilic Properties of the Coatings","volume":"66","author":"Kolyaganova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51636","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51636","article-title":"Modification of Wood with Copolymers Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate and Alkyl Methacrylates for Imparting Superhydrophobic Properties","volume":"139","author":"Kolyaganova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X2204007X","article-title":"Highly Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Linseed Oil and Copolymers of Glycidyl Methacrylate and (Fluoro)Alkyl Methacrylates for Wood Surfaces","volume":"84","author":"Kolyaganova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(1999). Wood. Determination Method of Water Absorption (Standard No. GOST 16483.20-72)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2004). Paint-Materials. Varnishes. General-Specifications (Standard No. GOST-R-52165)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2001). Wood. Methods for Determination of Moisture Content (Standard No. GOST 16483.7-71)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2001). Modified Wood. Method for Determination of Water Absorption (Standard No. GOST 21523.5-77)."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Fang, X., Qi, X., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Chen, X., and Wang, C. (2024). Water Collection through a Directional Leaf Vein Pattern by Fast Laser Marker Ablation of Stainless-Steel. Surf. Interfaces, 55.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.105332"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Fang, X., Chen, X., Qi, X., Liu, C., Li, J., Wang, C., and Gao, X. (2025). Fast Generation and Restoration of Superhydrophilicity and Antifog Property by Flame Treatment. Adv. Mater. Technol., 10.","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202402023"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2008v077n07ABEH003775","article-title":"Hydrophobic Materials and Coatings: Principles of Design, Properties and Applications","volume":"77","author":"Boinovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2012.06.010","article-title":"A Wetting Experiment as a Tool to Study the Physicochemical Processes Accompanying the Contact of Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Materials with Aqueous Media","volume":"179\u2013182","author":"Boinovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201003129","article-title":"Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Verho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2022.01.045","article-title":"Recent Advances in Chemical Durability and Mechanical Stability of Superhydrophobic Materials: Multi-Strategy Design and Strengthening","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Qi, X., Chen, X., and Cui, H. (2024). Durable Self-Cleaning Anti-Fog and Antireflective Titanium-Based Micro-Nano Structures on Glass by Laser Marker Ablation. Surf. Interfaces, 51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104644"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2014.03.019","article-title":"Polymer Life-Time Prediction: The Role of Temperature in UV Accelerated Ageing of Polypropylene and Its Copolymers","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/23\/3172\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:34:04Z","timestamp":1764689644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/17\/23\/3172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym17233172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym17233172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}