{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:35:59Z","timestamp":1792460159903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government","award":["2710069169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710069169"]}]},{"name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government","award":["RS-2022-00141136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00141136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerve repair remains a major clinical challenge, and novel strategies such as conduit-assisted repair have been developed to improve outcomes. In this study, we fabricated a 3D-printed nerve guidance conduit (NGC) composed of polycaprolactone (PCL), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, combined with acellular dermal matrix (ADM) derived from porcine dermis, in order to create a multilayered PCL\u2013ADM NGC with both favorable mechanical properties and biological activity. Twenty rabbits were divided into four groups: a negative control group, a silicone tube repair group, an autologous nerve graft group, and a group treated with the 3D-printed PCL\u2013ADM NGCs. Sciatic nerve regeneration was assessed at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively using electrophysiological measurements, histological staining, and electron microscopy. The PCL\u2013ADM NGC demonstrated comparable axonal regeneration and functional recovery to autologous grafting, and it significantly outperformed silicone tubes in terms of axonal count and maximal electrophysiological response. Histological and ultrastructural analyses further confirmed that the PCL\u2013ADM NGC facilitated organized regeneration with dense myelinated axons and reduced degenerative changes. The fabricated NGCs exhibited excellent flexibility without compromising lumen diameter, which is critical for adapting to the physiological environment of peripheral nerves. These findings indicate that combining synthetic polymers with biologically derived matrices can enhance the regenerative microenvironment and overcome limitations of traditional synthetic conduits. In conclusion, the 3D-printed PCL\u2013ADM NGC represents a promising alternative to both silicone tube repair and autologous nerve grafting by providing structural support and bioactivity while reducing the need for donor nerve harvesting. Further studies in larger animal models and longer follow-up periods will be required to confirm long-term efficacy and support clinical translation of this technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Fabrication of a 3D-Printed Nerve Guidance Conduit Using Heterogeneous Composite Materials and Its Effectiveness on Sciatic Nerve Defects of a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9362-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soohyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., Siheung-si 15111, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7338-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., Siheung-si 15111, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Sup","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hyung","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., Siheung-si 15111, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tech University of Korea, Siheung-si 15073, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30151","article-title":"Refinements of nerve repair with connector-assisted coaptation","volume":"37","author":"Ducic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.06.041","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a resorbable wrap-around implant as an alternative to nerve repair: A prospective, assessor-blinded, randomised clinical study of sensory, motor and functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair","volume":"62","author":"Aberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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