{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:40:24Z","timestamp":1779136824530,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates a 26th Dynasty Ptah\u2013Sokar\u2013Osiris wooden statuette excavated from the Tari cemetery, Giza Pyramids area, to decode ancient Egyptian manufacturing techniques and establish evidence-based conservation strategies of such wooden objects. Using minimal sampling (1.0\u20132.0 mm2), integrated XRF, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and confocal microscopy distinguished original technological choices from burial-induced alterations. The 85 cm Vachellia nilotica sculpture exhibits moderate structural preservation (cellulose crystallinity index 62.9%) with partial chemical deterioration (carbonyl index 2.22). Complete pigment characterization identified carbon black, Egyptian Blue (cuprorivaite, 55 \u00b1 5 wt %), atacamite-dominated green (65 \u00b1 5 wt %) with residual malachite (10 \u00b1 2 wt %), orpiment (60 \u00b1 5 wt %), red ochre (hematite, 60% \u00b1 5 wt %), white pigments (93 \u00b1 5 wt % calcite), and metallic gold (40 \u00b1 5 wt %). Confocal microscopy revealed sophisticated multi-pigment mixing strategies, with black carbon systematically blended with chromophores for nuanced color effects. Atacamite predominance over malachite provides evidence for chloride-mediated diagenetic transformation over 2600 years of burial. Consistent calcite detection (~ 20\u201345%) across colored layers confirms systematic ground layer application, establishing technological baseline data for 26th Dynasty Lower Egyptian workshops. Near-complete organic binder loss, severe lignin oxidation, and ongoing salt-mediated mineral transformations indicate urgent conservation needs requiring specialized consolidants, paint layer stabilization, and controlled environmental storage. This investigation demonstrates synchrotron methods\u2019 advantages while establishing a minimally invasive framework for studying polychrome wooden artifacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1768816622000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural and Chemical Degradation of Archeological Wood: Synchrotron XRD and FTIR Analysis of a 26th Dynasty Egyptian Polychrome Wood Statuette"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina M.","family":"Atwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laser Interaction with Matters, Laser Institute for Research and Applications, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rageh K.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ihab F.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Postgraduate African Studies, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimaa","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emam","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pyramids Area, Projects Sector, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Giza P.O. Box 12556, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laser Interaction with Matters, Laser Institute for Research and Applications, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moez A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2369-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Refaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"},{"name":"Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-025-06360-7","article-title":"A complementary integrated approach using non-destructive optical and X-ray methodologies for pigment characterisation on an ancient Egyptian coffin","volume":"140","author":"Boschloos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Archaeometric Study of a Polychrome Wooden Coffin from 26th Dynasty\u2014Egypt","volume":"20","author":"Abdelmoniem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betr\u00f2, M. (2024). Osirian Materia Sacra: A Glance from Corn-Mummies. 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