{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:49:48Z","timestamp":1790984988489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzes the mechanical behavior of a quasi-isotropic biaxial glass fiber\u2013vinyl ester composite in a multiaxial stress condition and the effect of the orientation of the fibers. A ply structure was created through the process of vacuum infusion using six layers of biaxial fabric that were oriented to 15\u00b0. Tensile samples were isolated at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 90 degrees relative to the warp direction. It was found that strength and stiffness strongly depend on orientation, with maximum tensile strengths of 157.2 MPa at 90\u00b0 and 125 MPa at 0\u00b0, and minimum tensile strengths 59.6 MPa at 15\u00b0, showing fiber and shear failures, respectively. MAT_124 underwent finite element analysis in LS-DYNA, and the results were excellent, with a difference of less than 1.5%. Three-point bending and Charpy impact tests indicated that flexural properties were lower at 15\u00b0 and 90\u00b0, whereas off-axis orientations were generally better at impact energy absorption, although at 45\u00b0, binding sites were few and far between. The results have important implications for the design of laminates subjected to complicated loads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Fiber Orientation Effects in Biaxial Glass\/Vinyl Ester Laminates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-062X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvydas","family":"Palevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almontas","family":"Vilutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, UAB Poliplastas, Geliu St. 97, LT-53330 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giedrius","family":"Janusas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108137","article-title":"Shear deformation characteristics and defect evolution of the biaxial \u00b145\u00b0 and 0\/90\u00b0 glass non-crimp fabrics","volume":"193","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. 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