{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:52:39Z","timestamp":1787161959335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H01721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H01721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K01512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K01512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colloidal amorphous structures comprise short-range ordered arrays of monodisperse submicrometer-sized particles. They exhibit angle-independent structural color and hence are expected to be promising candidates for advanced color materials. In particular, non-close-packed colloidal amorphous structures embedded in soft polymers can alter the angle-independent color through stimuli-induced volume changes in the polymer. Consequently, such materials should have significant potential for application in sensor devices. This paper reports the preparation of an elastomer-immobilized non-close-packed colloidal amorphous film with an angle-independent color using a hydrogel-immobilized non-close-packed colloidal amorphous film as the starting material. The swelling solvent (i.e., water) in the hydrogel film was replaced with a hydrophilic elastomer precursor solution, which was photopolymerized to immobilize the colloidal amorphous structure with the separated particles within the elastomer film. The color of the elastomer-immobilized non-close-packed colloidal amorphous film was angle-independent and was easily altered under stretching. Furthermore, hydrophilic carbon black dispersed well in the hydrophilic elastomer precursor solution, improving the saturation of the resultant elastomer-immobilized non-close-packed colloidal amorphous film. The flexible nature of the prepared film should allow it to be attached to curved surfaces, thereby promoting its application as a simple strain sensor to express invisible strains through color changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18030382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Angle-Independent Color Changes in Elastomer-Immobilized Non-Close-Packed Colloidal Amorphous Films Under Stretching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuna","family":"Hirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koyuki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimitsu","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.0c00947","article-title":"Nanophotonic structural colors","volume":"8","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100081","article-title":"Artificial structural colors and applications","volume":"2","author":"Xuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2022.111019","article-title":"Review of recent advancements in the biomimicry of structural colors","volume":"210","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Berthier, S. (2007). Iridescences\u2014The Physical Colors of Insects, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthaus, O. (2012). Biomimetics in Photonics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b13067"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2019","article-title":"Mechanisms of structural colour in the Morpho butterfly: Cooperation of regularity and irregularity in an iridescent scale","volume":"269","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130892","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0892","article-title":"Chameleons communicate with complex colour changes during contests: Different body regions convey different information","volume":"9","author":"Ligon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6368","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7368","article-title":"Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons","volume":"6","author":"Teyssier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.138655","article-title":"Responsive structural color materials for sensing strain, water, and camouflage","volume":"701","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2023.101091","article-title":"Polymer-based responsive structural color materials","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303470","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303470","article-title":"Polyphenol-mediated synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoclusters for highly stable magnetically responsive photonic crystals","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909202","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909202","article-title":"Reconfiguration, camouflage, and color-shifting for bioinspired adaptive hydrogel-based millirobots","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.140","article-title":"Photonic-crystal full-colour displays","volume":"1","author":"Arsenault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00107518308227471","article-title":"Colloidal crystals","volume":"24","author":"Pieranski","year":"1983","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj2.118.370","article-title":"Fabrication of large-area silica colloidal crystals immobilized in hydrogel film","volume":"118","author":"Kanai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(200005)12:10<693::AID-ADMA693>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Monodispersed colloidal spheres: Old materials with new applications","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1021\/la00051a008","article-title":"A study of colloidal crystal morphology and orientation via polarizing microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Monovoukas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5289.959","article-title":"Thermally switchable periodicities and diffraction from mesoscopically ordered materials","volume":"274","author":"Weissman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.7b00780","article-title":"Enhancement of thermosensitivity of gel-immobilized tunable colloidal photonic crystals with anisotropic contraction","volume":"6","author":"Kanai","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/39834","article-title":"Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials","volume":"389","author":"Holtz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1021\/ja021037h","article-title":"Photonic crystal carbohydrate sensors: Low ionic strength sugar sensing","volume":"125","author":"Asher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1021\/la0521037","article-title":"Photonic rubber sheets with tunable color by elastic deformation","volume":"22","author":"Fudouzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11350","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05885","article-title":"Chameleon-inspired mechanochromic photonic films composed of non-close-packed colloidal arrays","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200900869","article-title":"Angle-independent structural color in colloidal amorphous arrays","volume":"11","author":"Imran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903693","article-title":"Biomimetic isotropic nanostructures for structural coloration","volume":"22","author":"Forster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.11.311","article-title":"Designing color controllable SiO2 amorphous colloidal arrays","volume":"50","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7261","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201301321","article-title":"Production of colored pigments with amorphous arrays of black and white colloidal particles","volume":"52","author":"Takeoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61059\u221261071","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c15800","article-title":"Smallest and robust \u201csoap bubbles\u201d with noniridescent structural colors for versatile chromatic engineering and ultrasensitive chemical leak monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Kou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9855\u22129865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c02283","article-title":"Bright, angle-independent, solvent-responsive, and structurally colored coatings and rewritable photonic paper based on high refractive-index colloidal quasi-amorphous arrays","volume":"4","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705667","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705667","article-title":"Large-scale noniridescent structural color printing enabled by infiltration-driven nonequilibrium colloidal assembly","volume":"30","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.08.162","article-title":"Amorphous photonic structure in a charged colloidal system showing angle independent uniform color","volume":"629","author":"Kanai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., Hirano, Y., Tanaka, M., and Kanai, T. (2023). Angle-independent color change in thermoresponsive gel-immobilized colloidal amorphous film attached to PET substrate. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15244661"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00133G","article-title":"Elastomer-immobilized tunable colloidal photonic crystal films with high optical qualities and high maximum strain","volume":"2","author":"Tajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/3\/382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:51:23Z","timestamp":1770036683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/3\/382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18030382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18030382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}}}