{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:28Z","timestamp":1770163228760,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/06297-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/06297-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-11784-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-11784-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141424\/2020-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141424\/2020-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["404690\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404690\/2023-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307635\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307635\/2021-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitinases catalyze the hydrolysis of \u03b2-1,4-glycosidic bonds in chitin, a structural biopolymer synthesized by numerous organisms. Although these enzymes have been widely investigated, studies focusing on insect-derived chitinases remain limited. In this study, three recombinant chitinases from the leaf-cutter ant Atta sexdens were cloned, expressed in Pichia pastoris, and biochemically characterized. The enzymes-AsChtII-C2B3 (one catalytic and three chitin-binding domains), AsChtII-C3C4 (two catalytic domains), and AsChtII-C5B1 (one catalytic and one binding domain), exhibited optimal activity at pH 4\u20135 and 50 \u00b0C using colloidal chitin as substrate. Chitinase activity on colloidal \u03b1-chitin was confirmed by 1H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, revealing GlcNAc concentrations of 0.41, 0.48, and 0.56 mmol L\u22121 for AsChtII-C3C4, AsChtII-C2B3, and AsChtII-C5B1, respectively. Their antifungal activities were evaluated against the human pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, as well as the phytopathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Distinct inhibition profiles were observed: AsChtII-C5B1 (150 \u00b5g\/mL) showed the highest activity against C. albicans (87.6% inhibition), while AsChtII-C3C4 (25 \u00b5g\/mL) was most effective against A. fumigatus (60% inhibition). Notably, only AsChtII-C2B3 inhibited L. theobromae growth, inducing severe hyphal deformations observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These findings demonstrate that recombinant A. sexdens chitinases exhibit species-specific antifungal properties, underscoring their potential as biotechnological tools for medical and agricultural applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18030402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1770115681000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Insect-Derived Chitinases Expressed in Pichia pastoris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3802-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Celina Santos","family":"Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0738-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Henrique","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Instrumentation, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odair Correa","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Social Insects, Sao Paulo State University \u2018Julio de Mesquita Filho\u2019, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Alberto","family":"Colnago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Instrumentation, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iran","family":"Malavazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce Helena Ferreira","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200331","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0331","article-title":"Understanding the structural diversity of chitins as a versatile biomaterial","volume":"379","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. 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