{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1791987171753,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kocaeli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["FKA-2024-4008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKA-2024-4008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates 10 bar water aging effects on reciprocating tribology of FDM-printed PLA and PLA with 10 and 15 wt.% glass fiber (GF). Water uptake was Fickian, and saturation mass rose from 0.0845 g (PLA) to 0.1625 g and 0.295 g (10 and 15 wt.% GF). Reciprocating tests at 40 N over 100 m at 0.5 and 1 Hz showed immersion time drives coefficient of friction (COF) and wear. At 0.5 Hz, neat PLA stabilized at COF 0.65 to 0.70 but increased to about 0.75 to 0.80 after 7-day; PLA + 10 wt.% GF reached about 0.80 to 0.82 after 14-day to 28-day. GF reduced unaged wear depth from about 125 \u00b5m to about 85 to 96 \u00b5m, yet 28-day aging increased depths to about 129 to 132 \u00b5m for both GF levels at 0.5 Hz. At 1 Hz, neat PLA peaked at about 235 to 240 \u00b5m depth after 7-day, whereas 15 wt.% GF reached about 160 \u00b5m after 28-day. Factorial analysis showed that wear scar width was primarily influenced by immersion time, accounting for 76.02% of the variation in the data, clearly evidencing strong dependence on the environment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), glass transition temperature (Tg), and the melting temperature (Tm) support the occurrence of a transition from volume to interface-dominated damage with aging, while Tg and Tm remain unaffected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1770209516000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Pressurized Water Aging on Reciprocating Friction and Wear of FDM 3D-Printed PLA and Glass Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Fidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f","family":"\u00dcrg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aviation Electrics and Electronics, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevin Gamze","family":"Karsli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taner","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa \u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6777-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet \u0130skender","family":"\u00d6zsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/15280837241282110","article-title":"A Review on fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based additive manufacturing (AM) methods, materials and applications for flexible fabric structures","volume":"54","author":"Sapkota","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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