{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:43:00Z","timestamp":1772728980723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City","award":["793\/Q\u0110-SKHCN-Tp. HCM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["793\/Q\u0110-SKHCN-Tp. HCM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza A\/H5N1 remains a persistent threat to public health and poultry production. H5N1 antigens are typically poorly immunogenic and require effective adjuvants for antigen dose-sparing. Here, we evaluated chitosan microparticles (CSMs) and nanoparticles (CSNs) as polymeric nano-adjuvants for an H5N1 influenza vaccine, focusing on the roles of antigen dose and particle size. A purified hemagglutinin antigen was adsorbed onto chitosan particles at doses ranging from 0.15 to 5.0 \u00b5g. Both CSNs and CSMs showed consistently high loading efficiency (97\u201399%). BALB\/c mice were immunized intramuscularly in a prime\u2013boost schedule. Chitosan nanoparticles significantly enhanced IgG and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers at low antigen doses compared with aluminum hydroxide and antigen-only controls (p &lt; 0.05). Immune responses reached saturation at a 1.5 \u00b5g dose of antigen for chitosan nanoparticles and 3.0 \u00b5g for chitosan microparticles. IgG subtype analysis suggested a balanced IgG1\/IgG2a profile. Collectively, these findings support chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles as promising adjuvants enabling dose-sparing H5N1 vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18050642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1772724593000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Antigen Dosage and Chitosan Micro\/Nanoparticle Size on Immune Responses in Mice Immunized with H5N1 Influenza Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Dzung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen Nhi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City 72421, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0412-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Medical Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72300, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam Duong Le","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City 72421, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanh Lan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City 72421, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lien","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City 72421, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Bon","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinh Sy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huu Hung","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1384-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"San-Lang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei 25137, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City 72421, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). 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