{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:47:01Z","timestamp":1785930421060,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Thammasat University Research Fund","award":["DTGG 1\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTGG 1\/2567"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This in vitro study assessed the impact of coconut milk, cow milk, and soybean oil on the surface roughness (Ra) of two milled (polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN), Vita Enamic (EN) and resin nanoceramic (RNC), Cerasmart (CS)) and 3D-printed (VarseoSmile Crown plus (VS)) hybrid resin\u2013ceramic materials. Standardized rectangular specimens were prepared and subjected to cyclic immersion in the test media at 37 \u00b0C for 30 days to simulate dietary exposure. Surface roughness was measured pre- and post-aging, and statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). All media significantly increased Ra across all materials (p &lt; 0.001). While coconut milk and soybean oil caused comparable roughening (Ra up to 0.155 \u00b5m), cow milk exhibited a material-specific impact. It roughened milled materials (EN and CS) (Ra: 0.147\u20130.154 \u00b5m) significantly more than the 3D-printed material (VS) (Ra: 0.126 \u00b5m) (p &lt; 0.05). Notably, all post-aging Ra values remained below the clinical bacterial adhesion threshold of 0.2 \u00b5m. In conclusion, while all tested dietary media significantly degraded the surface topography of hybrid resin\u2013ceramics, the 3D-printed hybrid resin\u2013ceramic material demonstrated superior resistance to cow milk compared to milled alternatives. Nonetheless, plaque retention risks remain clinically acceptable for all tested materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18060670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:45:39Z","timestamp":1773153939000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Coconut Milk, Cow Milk, and Soybean Oil on the Surface Roughness of Milled (PICN, RNC) and 3D-Printed Hybrid Resin\u2013Ceramic: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Seelassaya","family":"Leelaponglit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awiruth","family":"Klaisiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayanit","family":"Angkananuwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nantawan","family":"Krajangta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.01.040","article-title":"Crystal growth mechanism of nano nSc-Y\/ZrO2 ceramic powders prepared by co-precipitation method","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. 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