{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:18:17Z","timestamp":1787235497515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004541","name":"Ministry of Education, Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PARC\/2018-2019\/P399\/SL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PARC\/2018-2019\/P399\/SL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on enhancing the performance of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) fabricated by electrospinning (ES) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) infused with varying concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.-%) of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Structural changes and the \u03b2-phase proportion in nanofibers (NFs) were examined using XRD and FTIR-ATR. Surface morphology and roughness were characterized using FE-SEM and AFM, respectively. The water-repellent characteristics of the NFs were assessed through WCA measurements. Electrical output (voltage and current) was evaluated under mechanical pressure using a customized setup that applied 1.0 kgf at 1.0 Hz. The pristine PVDF-based PENG generated an output of 1.7 V and 0.53 \u03bcA, while the composite NF with 5 wt.-% CuO (5PCu) delivered a significantly enhanced output of 13.7 V and 1.6 \u03bcA. The 5PCu device was further tested for detecting human activities, including tapping, wrist movements, walking, and jumping, thereby demonstrating its potential for self-powered wearable electronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18060699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:26:19Z","timestamp":1773390379000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eco-Friendly Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated Polyvinylidene Difluoride Electrospun Nanofibers as Wearable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amrutha","family":"Bindhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sathiyanathan","family":"Ponnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamim Reza","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0762-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riya","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjivani University, Sanjivani Factory, Kopargaon 423603, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongdoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Mukundan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjivani University, Sanjivani Factory, Kopargaon 423603, India"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand Prabu","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emara, A.I., Shahba, A.F., Ali, G., Mamdouh, M., Abdellatif, S.O., Nassar, K., and Hamouda, T. 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