{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:47:07Z","timestamp":1792453627935,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effluents from industries, manufacturing companies, textile looms, and floodwater contaminate the surface water reservoirs. This endangers the quality of water for use by humans. Wastewater remediation is one of the ways to recycle the dirty water and make it suitable for use. Photocatalysis is the most common method for wastewater remediation, especially using Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. However, chemical synthesis and direct addition of nanoparticles may cause toxicity to the flora and fauna present in the water body. To address this limitation, we have green-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using a horticulture waste, Calendula officinalis dried flower extract and entrapped them in a natural polymer, chitosan (CTS-TiO2-CO nanocomposite). The polymer entrapment ensures biocompatibility as well as reduced aggregation of nanoparticles. The synthesized CTS-TiO2-CO nanocomposite was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis. The absorption peak was found at 302 nm, and the hydrodynamic diameter at 490 nm. SEM images show flower-like morphology with 326 nm average particle diameter. The non-toxic dose of the nanoparticles was estimated by MTT assay and zebrafish embryo developmental studies. More than 82% fibroblast cells were viable after treatment with 100 \u03bcg\/mL of CTS-TiO2-CO nanocomposite. 85% embryos hatched after treatment with 50 \u03bcg\/mL of CTS-TiO2-CO nanocomposite. Further, the textile dye remediation assessment was done using the dye crystal violet, exhibiting 69.19% dye degradation after 4 h of sunlight exposure. Altogether, the results demonstrate that the CTS-TiO2-CO nanocomposite was effective in the remediation of crystal violet without causing any toxicity up to a dose of 100 \u03bcg\/mL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18060745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:54:37Z","timestamp":1773910477000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chitosan-Entrapped TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Calendula officinalis Flower Extract\u2014Photophysical Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Textile Dye Remediation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8442-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushmitha","family":"Sundarraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridhanya Mysore","family":"Shreethar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivitha Shri","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koyeli","family":"Girigoswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24398-3","article-title":"Impact of textile dyes on health and ecosystem: A review of structure, causes, and potential solutions","volume":"30","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29573","article-title":"Innovations and challenges in adsorption-based wastewater remediation: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Satyam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, M.S., Ali, S., and Zaman, W. (2024). Innovative adsorbents for pollutant removal: Exploring the latest research and applications. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29184317"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-023-00829-y","article-title":"A critical review of conventional and emerging wastewater treatment technologies","volume":"9","author":"Sangamnere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J., Zhang, Y., Heo, Y.-J., and Park, S.-J. (2019). Advanced design and synthesis of composite photocatalysts for the remediation of wastewater: A review. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9020122"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101397","article-title":"Evaluating the role of functionalized graphene systems in achieving wastewater treatment: A paradigm for sustainable development","volume":"10","author":"Biswas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayyappan, B., Palani, B., Jayakodi, S., and Shanmugam, R. (2025). Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Alginate, Tannic Acid, and Their Nanoformulation. Biomed. Mater. Devices, 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00532-w"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64337-7.00022-7","article-title":"Nanotechnology in energy storage: The supercapacitors","volume":"Volume 179","author":"Sarno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Building blocks for nanotechnology","volume":"Volume 996","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Passivation, and Functionalization"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9308","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01905","article-title":"Size determination of metal nanoparticles based on electrochemically measured surface-area-to-volume ratios","volume":"90","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-022-01337-y","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of GO\u2013TiO2 Nanocomposites in Textile Dye Remediation","volume":"46","author":"Keerthana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munien, C., Rathilal, S., and Tetteh, E.K. (2025). Challenges and prospects of TiO2-based photocatalysis for wastewater treatment: Keyword analysis. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15090801"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2022.2064751","article-title":"The application of modified nano-TiO2 photocatalyst for wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"104","author":"Mohadesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgchem.2025.100084","article-title":"Engineering TiO2 photocatalysts for enhanced visible-light activity in wastewater treatment applications","volume":"6","author":"Mallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Green Chem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.12.282","article-title":"Enhanced removal of organic dye by activated carbon decorated TiO2 nanoparticles from Mentha Aquatica leaves via ultrasonic approach","volume":"47","author":"Bathula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01443-8","article-title":"Biopolymer-supported TiO2 as a sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"20","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-022-00996-w","article-title":"Methods of chemical synthesis in the synthesis of nanomaterial and nanoparticles by the chemical deposition method: A review","volume":"12","author":"Hachem","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A.G., De Britto, S., and Jogaiah, S. (2021). Economic considerations and limitations of green synthesis vs chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. Advances in Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Pesticides in Agriculture, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820092-6.00018-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A., and Nowak, I. (2023). Nanotechnology\u2013general aspects: A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134932"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, S., Gopinath, S.C., Arshad, M.M., Poopalan, P., and Perumal, V. (2021). Nanoparticle synthetic methods: Strength and limitations. Nanoparticles in Analytical and Medical Devices, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821163-2.00002-9"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"177","article-title":"Beneficial effects of bioinspired silver nanoparticles on zebrafish embryos including a gene expression study","volume":"12","author":"Girigoswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84098-5","article-title":"Gelatin\/PLA-loaded gold nanocomposites synthesis using Syzygium cumini fruit extract and their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer\u2019s activities","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2025.103787","article-title":"Biogenic Synthesis of CuO-TiO2 Nanocomposites from Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Plant Extract and its Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity of HepG2 Cell lines","volume":"69","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"100140","article-title":"Calendula officinalis\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Zournatzis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res.-Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62269-w","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Bioactivity of Anti-Inflammatory Triterpenoids in Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold)","volume":"16","author":"Golubova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1934578X241259021","article-title":"A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis Linn","volume":"19","author":"Sapkota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"30","article-title":"Calendula officinalis\u2014A crucial and promising antifungal agent with cytotoxic biological attributes","volume":"13","author":"Dey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.61186\/iem.10.3.193","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of Calendula officinalis preparations on South African ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"10","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Epidemiol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahane, K., Kshirsagar, M., Tambe, S., Jain, D., Rout, S., Ferreira, M.K.M., Mali, S., Amin, P., Srivastav, P.P., and Cruz, J. (2023). An updated review on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis L.. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040611"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"ZE23","article-title":"A Review of Calendula officinalis-Magic in Science","volume":"16","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, D., Ferreira, M.S., Sousa-Lobo, J.M., Cruz, M.T., and Almeida, I.F. (2021). Anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8020031"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak, G., Zengin, G., Sinan, K.I., Mahomoodally, M.F., Picot-Allain, M.C.N., Cak\u0131r, O., Bensari, S., Y\u0131lmaz, M.A., Gallo, M., and Montesano, D. (2020). A comparative bio-evaluation and chemical profiles of Calendula officinalis L. extracts prepared via different extraction techniques. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175920"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2024.123260","article-title":"Biopreparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles mediated by Calendula officinalis flower extract for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and treatment of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"1016","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kus-Li\u015bkiewicz, M., Fickers, P., and Ben Tahar, I. (2021). Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles: Recent advances in methodologies and regulations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010952"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Lee, J.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Park, S.A., Kim, J.H., Hwang, D., Kim, K.A., and Kim, H.S. (2023). Antioxidant iron oxide nanoparticles: Their biocompatibility and bioactive properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115901"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2024.108659","article-title":"Synthesis of Fe3O4@ MIL-101-OH\/Chitosan for adsorption and release of doxorubicin","volume":"142","author":"Najafipour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkat, H., Barkat, M.A., Ali, R., and Hadi, H. (2025). Nanotechnological Advances in Burn Wound Care: Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Nanosuspension-Based Chitosan-Incorporated Nanogel for Partial Thickness Burns. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds, 15347346241309425.","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346241309425"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106892","article-title":"Green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles incorporated chitosan-alginate based nanobiopatch for enhanced antibacterial wound dressing applications","volume":"108","author":"Manoharan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v8i5-s.1967","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of leaves and stem of Tinospora cordifolia in different solvent extract","volume":"8","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103109","article-title":"Anticancer potential of nanoformulated extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves","volume":"57","author":"Deepika","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-024-10245-x","article-title":"Harmony in nature\u2019s elixir: A comprehensive exploration of ethanol and nano-formulated extracts from Passiflora incarnata leaves: Unveiling in vitro cytotoxicity, acute and sub-acute toxicity profiles in Swiss albino mice","volume":"55","author":"Deepika","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janani, G., Girigoswami, A., Deepika, B., Udayakumar, S., and Girigoswami, K. (2024). Unveiling the Role of Nano-Formulated Red Algae Extract in Cancer Management. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092077"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2023.2301068","article-title":"Preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Solanum Tuberosum peel extract and its applications","volume":"52","author":"Girigoswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-025-04393-4","article-title":"Anticancer effects of biomimetic green-synthesized silver nanoparticles coated lactobacilli species against various cancer cell lines","volume":"15","author":"Pandiarajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134814","article-title":"Exploring the amyloid degradation potential of nanoformulated carrageenan-bridging in vitro and in vivo perspectives","volume":"279","author":"Udayakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girigoswami, A., Deepika, B., Udayakumar, S., Janani, G., Mercy, D.J., and Girigoswami, K. (2024). Peony-shaped zinc oxide nanoflower synthesized via hydrothermal route exhibits promising anticancer and anti-amyloid activity. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00830-x"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70015","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70015","article-title":"Fabrication of Luminescent Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in a Biocompatible Approach: Its Potential for Photodecomposition and Germicidal Effects","volume":"39","author":"Sajeevan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101215","article-title":"Direct obtaining of pure anatase TiO2 nanostructures, characterization, size-tuning, and applications","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2022.414008","article-title":"Evaluation of band gap energy of TiO2 precipitated from titanium sulphate","volume":"639","author":"Landi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rio.2022.100273","article-title":"Dispensability of the conventional Tauc\u2019s plot for accurate bandgap determination from UV\u2013vis optical diffuse reflectance data","volume":"9","author":"Jubu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70053","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70053","article-title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Dyes Under Visible Light Using ZnO\/CdS\/Co Nanocomposites: A Step Toward Advanced Environmental Remediation","volume":"39","author":"Arun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armakovi\u0107, S.J., Savanovi\u0107, M.M., and Armakovi\u0107, S. (2022). Titanium dioxide as the most used photocatalyst for water purification: An overview. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13010026"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babick, F. (2020). Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Characterization of Nanoparticles, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814182-3.00010-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017","article-title":"DLS and zeta potential\u2013what they are and what they are not?","volume":"235","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51766","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51766","article-title":"Chitosan coated metallic nanoparticles with stability, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties: Potential for wound healing application","volume":"139","author":"Sharifiaghdam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191444","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191444","article-title":"Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli under UV light irradiation using large surface area anatase TiO2 quantum dots","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larkin, P. (2017). Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804162-8.00002-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-7367(03)00035-9","article-title":"FTIR study of CO interaction with Cu\/TiO2","volume":"4","author":"Venkov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/md13010141","article-title":"Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation?","volume":"13","author":"Queiroz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2023.114351","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of nanocrystalline anatase (TiO2) particles under the neutron irradiation","volume":"144","author":"Huseynov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350066","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218625X2350066X","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared via laser ablation: Evaluation of their antibacterial and anticancer activity","volume":"30","author":"Hadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"71","article-title":"Exposure to crystal violet, its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on environment and its degradation and detoxification for environmental safety","volume":"237","author":"Mani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00533G","article-title":"Fabrication of TiO2@SnS2 core\u2013shell nanocomposites via a thermal decomposition approach for sunlight-driven photodegradation of crystal violet","volume":"7","author":"Khera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.10.074","article-title":"Photodegradation of crystal violet in TiO2 suspensions using UV\u2013vis irradiation from two microwave-powered electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL-2): Products, mechanism and feasibility","volume":"185","author":"Ju","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-023-00363-y","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of P-doped TiO2 photocatalyst","volume":"22","author":"Rescigno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/6\/745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:10:31Z","timestamp":1773911431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/6\/745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18060745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18060745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}