{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:41:10Z","timestamp":1785426070048,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Chulalongkorn University Research Unit in Prosthodontics Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028wp3y58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent acidic exposure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) accelerates the degradation of provisional restorative materials, whereas approaches to enhance the acid resistance of 3D-printed restorations remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) incorporation on the surface properties and acid resistance of 3D-printed provisional restorative materials under simulated gastroesophageal reflux conditions. GO was synthesized using the Hummers\u2019 method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis demonstrated a pronounced shift in the characteristic peak (2\u03b8) from 26\u00b0 to 12\u00b0, consistent with an expansion of interlayer spacing after oxidation. FTIR confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxy), while Raman spectroscopy identified the characteristic D and G bands, confirming successful GO synthesis. Temporary Crown &amp; Bridge resin (TC100) was modified with GO at six concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt %) using a planetary ball milling technique. Standardized 3D-printed specimens (n = 24 per group) were fabricated. Surface roughness and Vickers microhardness were measured before and after 45 h of immersion in simulated gastric acid (pH 2). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). After acid exposure, the control group (0 wt % GO) exhibited significant surface deterioration, showing the highest surface roughness and a marked reduction in hardness (p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, GO-modified groups demonstrated a concentration-dependent improvement in resistance to acid-induced degradation. The 0.5 wt % GO group showed the most favorable performance, maintaining both surface roughness and hardness with no significant difference from baseline values (p &gt; 0.05). These findings indicate that GO incorporation enhances the surface integrity and acid resistance of 3D-printed provisional resins, with 0.5 wt % identified as the optimal concentration for minimizing acid-induced surface deterioration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18070865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Acid Resistance of 3D-Printed Provisional Restorations Under Simulated Gastroesophageal Reflux Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Khanaphan","family":"Lebkrut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atikom","family":"Surintanasarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tool","family":"Sriamporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awiruth","family":"Klaisiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taweesak","family":"Boonsod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supachai","family":"Yanarueng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Nonthaburi 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanoktip","family":"Boonkerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niyom","family":"Thamrongananskul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x","article-title":"The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A global evidence-based consensus","volume":"101","author":"Vakil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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