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Merr.)-based adhesives, oxidized tannin (OTN) was obtained by the laccase treatment of waxberry tannin (TN), a natural polyphenolic polymer, and then blended with soybean meal (SM) to prepare an oxidized tannin\u2013soybean meal adhesive (OTS). Laccase-mediated oxidation converted the tannin polymer into quinone-rich oxidized polymeric structures, which reacted with amino groups in soybean meal proteins through Michael addition and Schiff base reactions to form a covalently crosslinked polymeric network. Under the optimal conditions of a laccase dosage of 10%, an oxidation time of 6 h, an OTN:SM mass ratio of 0.5:1, and a hot-pressing temperature of 160 \u00b0C, plywood bonded with OTS exhibited a wet shear strength of 0.85 MPa at 63 \u00b0C, representing a 136% increase over that of the neat soybean meal adhesive, and showed slightly higher bonding performance than the commercial urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin under boiling-water conditions. Structural analyses (FT-IR and XPS) verified quinone formation and carbon\u2013nitrogen single and double bonds. Thermal analyses (DSC and TGA) revealed improved curing reactivity and significantly enhanced thermal stability compared with the neat soybean meal adhesive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18080954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1776162548000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Green, Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Adhesive from Soybean Meal and Laccase-Oxidized Tannin via Quinone\u2013Amine Crosslinking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5939-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Essway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood and Bamboo Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-006-0804-5","article-title":"Comparison of Protein-Based Adhesive Resins for Wood Composites","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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