{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:00:34Z","timestamp":1785427234652,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thailand","award":["2567-02-01-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2567-02-01-040"]}]},{"award":["2567-02-01-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2567-02-01-040"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/055mf0v62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass combustion include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which cause climate change and global warming. By measuring GHG emissions by biomass combustion, a potent protocol for the calculation of global warming potential (GWP), which is how much the global temperature has risen due to combustion processes, can be achieved, contributing to determining the mean reduction in global temperature rise and fostering a transition towards more sustainable energy systems. Additionally, warning can be given of the GHG and GWP risks associated with different species of biomass. This review includes the GHG emissions and GWP of biomass combustion and their measurement and estimation directly through biomass sample combustion, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite measurements of radiation interacting with atmospheric gases, or satellite-derived data and calculations according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the relationship of lignocellulosic compounds and elements in biomass to HHV and GHG emissions is described. The key mechanism of molecular vibration of hydrogen bonds in biomass caused by NIR radiation related to GHG emissions is revealed and recorded regarding the possibility of using NIR spectroscopy for the prediction of GHG emissions and GWP. Calculation examples for sugarcane bagasse and other biomass species are shown. The comparative advantages and limitations of NIR spectroscopy with respect to other methods are included. These factors lead to elucidation of the possibility of using NIR spectroscopy for non-destructive prediction of GHG emissions. In this review, the feasibility of using NIR spectroscopy to evaluate GHG emissions, GWP and emission factors (EFs) as an alternative to IPCC estimation methods related to climate change by biomass combustion is confirmed. NIR spectroscopy is a novel methodology for predicting GHG emissions and GWP directly from intact chip or powder biomass spectral data without explicit gas measurement. This article records the essential spectroscopic knowledge of biomass polymer valorization that is of value in polymer science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18091142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:01:39Z","timestamp":1778140899000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NIR Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Prediction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential by Biomass Combustion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4689-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panmanas","family":"Sirisomboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0579-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash","family":"Gyawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-3836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jetsada","family":"Posom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravipat","family":"Lapcharoensuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bim Prasad","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Technology Innovation Center (NTIC), Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel P.O. Box 6250, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel P.O. Box 6250, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of BioEngineering, University of Washington, William H. Foege Building 3720, 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Funke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"Climate change and environment Kuznets curve in developing economies (D-8 nations)","volume":"16","author":"Arif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. 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