{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:09:38Z","timestamp":1779358178330,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taishan Scholars Program","award":["tsqn202306285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["tsqn202306285"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program","award":["2024HWYQ-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HWYQ-077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The marine benthic invertebrate Urechis unicinctus exhibits extraordinary tolerance to hypoxic environments, making its coelomic fluid a unique and promising biological source for discovering novel stress-adapting macromolecules. Polysaccharides derived from the coelomic fluid of U. unicinctus were systematically extracted, fractionated, and characterized to investigate their structural features and associated biological activities. Gradient ethanol precipitation (30\u201380%) combined with DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography yielded twelve fractions with distinct physicochemical properties. Significant variations were observed in molecular weight (103\u2013105 Da), sulfate content (3.77\u201324.26%), and monosaccharide composition. High-ethanol fractions, particularly U68P and U18P (extracted at 60 \u00b0C and 100 \u00b0C, respectively, and both precipitated with 80% ethanol), were enriched in low-molecular-weight, highly sulfated heteropolysaccharides composed of galactose, fucose, glucosamine, and ribose. These fractions exhibited superior antioxidant activities, including strong scavenging effects against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, they demonstrated pronounced neuroprotective effects in the oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation (OGD\/R) model using SH-SY5Y cells, significantly improving cell viability. Structure\u2013activity relationship analysis revealed that reduced molecular weight, increased sulfation degree, and more diverse monosaccharide composition (e.g., more diverse monosaccharide composition) synergistically contribute to improved bioactivity by facilitating cellular uptake and exposing functional groups. In contrast, high-molecular-weight homoglucan fractions showed relatively weak effects. Overall, this study identifies U. unicinctus coelomic fluid as a promising source of bioactive polysaccharides and provides a theoretical basis for the development of marine-derived anti-hypoxic and antioxidant agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18101203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1778776076000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polysaccharides from the Coelomic Fluid of Urechis unicinctus: Extraction, Structural Diversity, and Potential Against Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronge","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuexin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaoli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guantian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122319","article-title":"High altitude hypoxia and oxidative stress: The new hope brought by free radical scavengers","volume":"336","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13693-1","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of neuroepithelial cells and other cell types of the gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to hypoxia","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damgaard, V., Mariegaard, J., Lindhardsen, J.M., Ehrenreich, H., and Miskowiak, K.W. (2023). Neuroprotective effects of moderate hypoxia: A systematic review. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121648"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119718","article-title":"Structure elucidation and antitumor activity of a water soluble polysaccharide from Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus","volume":"292","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Song, H., Liu, Z., Ai, C., Yan, C., Dong, X., and Song, S. (2023). Interaction between a sulfated polysaccharide from sea cucumber and gut microbiota influences the fat metabolism in rats. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244476"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Xiao, M., Cai, S., Mou, H., and Li, D. (2023). Potential application of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides in regulating blood glucose and hyperglycemic complications. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132600"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, F., Li, M., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., He, Y., Jiang, D., Tong, J., Li, J., and Shen, X. (2014). Protective effects of polysaccharides from Sipunculus nudus on beagle dogs exposed to \u03b3-radiation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104299"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrv009","article-title":"Radioprotective effects of Sipunculus nudus L. polysaccharide combined with WR-2721, rhIL-11 and rhG-CSF on radiation-injured mice","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1342088","article-title":"Effect of polysaccharides extracted from Sipunculus nudus (SNP) on the lifespan and immune damage repair of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to Cd (VI)","volume":"32","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"212","article-title":"Anti-fatigue effects of Sipunculus nudus polysaccharide in mice","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.044","article-title":"Immunomodulatory activities on macrophage of a polysaccharide from Sipunculus nudus L.","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16793","article-title":"Novel polysaccharide extracted from Sipunculus nudus inhibits HepG2 tumour growth in vivo by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131952","article-title":"Intermediate molecular weight\u2013fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa is a promising anticoagulant targeting intrinsic factor IXa","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.160","article-title":"Structure and hypoglycemic effect of a neutral polysaccharide isolated from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus","volume":"216","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Song, C., Yan, C., Yang, J., and Song, S. (2024). Sea cucumber polysaccharide from Stichopus japonicu and its photocatalytic degradation product alleviate acute alcoholic liver injury in mice. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060963"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"31","article-title":"Acute toxicity of three heavy metallons to Urechis unicinctus juveniles","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Yantai Univ. (Nat. Sci. Eng. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"146","article-title":"The biological characteristics and utilization of Urechis unicinctus","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agrolife Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, T., Guardiola, F.A., Almeida, D., and Antunes, A. (2025). Aquatic invertebrate antimicrobial peptides in the fight against aquaculture pathogens. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010156"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"84","article-title":"Study on the flow distribution and antibacterial activity of Urechis unicinctus coelomocytes","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"337","article-title":"Preliminary study on the anticoagulation mechanism of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis unicinctus","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Cui, Q., Wang, W., and Yuan, C. (2015). The effect of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis unicinctus on the protein C system and relevant factors expression of HUVECs. 2015 International Symposium on Computers & Informatics, Atlantis Press.","DOI":"10.2991\/isci-15.2015.82"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.3139","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis unicinctus in diabetic mice","volume":"18","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"162","article-title":"Purification, physicochemical properties and anti-lipid peroxidation activity of polysaccharides from Body of Urechis unicinctus","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2187","article-title":"Anti-platelet aggregation effect of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis unicinctus in rats","volume":"30","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000505769","article-title":"Effects of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis unicinctus on ADP-induced platelet calcium and membrane glycoprotein expressions in rats","volume":"144","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effects of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets","volume":"54","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739985","article-title":"Biochemical and cytological evaluation of the coelomic fluid of Urechis unicinctus: Its responses under pathogenic exposure and potential phagocytic activities","volume":"577","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"459","article-title":"Antibacterial analysis of coelomic fluid from echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus","volume":"41","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhfh.2023.100135","article-title":"Chemical characterisation of sulfated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Centroceras clavulatum and their in vitro immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties","volume":"3","author":"Aluta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113307","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides obtained from sea cucumber gonads via ultrasound-assisted enzymatic techniques","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera, M.N., Rossi, A., Guarino, J.I., Felissia, F.E., and Area, M.C. (2025). Alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation of high-molecular-weight xylan compounds from Eucalyptus Residues. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17121589"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.150","article-title":"Purification, structural characterization and anticoagulant activities of four sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata","volume":"164","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Zhou, L., Lin, L., Cai, Y., Sun, H., Zhao, L., Gao, N., Yin, R., and Zhao, J. (2019). Physicochemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of the polysaccharides from sea cucumber Pattalus mollis. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17040198"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/ph8040848","article-title":"Marine non-glycosaminoglycan sulfated glycans as potential pharmaceuticals","volume":"8","author":"Pomin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400152","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400152","article-title":"Sulfated polysaccharides with anticoagulant potential: A review focusing on structure-activity relationship and action mechanism","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M., Chang, S., Liu, J., Li, H., Xu, P., Wang, P., Wang, X., Zhao, M., Zhao, B., and Wang, L. (2020). Physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173840"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1021\/bm701349j","article-title":"Effects of chain conformation and entanglement on the electrospinning of pure alginate","volume":"9","author":"Nie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1978.tb00837.x","article-title":"\u2018Collapse\u2019, a structural transition in freeze dried carbohydrates: II. Effect of solute composition","volume":"13","author":"To","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1021\/bm4001734","article-title":"Self-assembling behavior of cellulose nanoparticles during freeze-drying: Effect of suspension concentration, particle size, crystal structure, and surface charge","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA07277D","article-title":"Sustainable and biocompatible hybrid materials-based sulfated polysaccharides for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"15","author":"Alfinaikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rsc. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Cui, Y., Li, J., Lin, Y., and Feng, W. (2026). Extraction, structural characterization, chemical modification and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides from Ceratocarpus arenarius L. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1785022"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.05.028","article-title":"Structural elucidation of a water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Balangu shirazi (Lallemantia royleana) seeds","volume":"72","author":"Farhadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2021.1950212","article-title":"Physicochemical and rheological properties of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide fractions by ethanol precipitation","volume":"19","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"CyTA\u2014J. Food"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123187","article-title":"Critical review of the criterion of polysaccharide purity","volume":"352","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117471","article-title":"Wavelength-specific information in benchtop and handheld Vis-NIR and UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy: The case of Coffea arabica","volume":"221","author":"Moll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22371","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CP02070J","article-title":"Understanding the n\u2192\u03c0* non-covalent interaction using different experimental and theoretical approaches","volume":"24","author":"Panwaria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.108299","article-title":"Structural characterization and insulin resistance amelioration effects of polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. via the IRS-1\/PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"76","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168","article-title":"Applications of infrared spectroscopy in polysaccharide structural analysis: Progress, challenge and perspective","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Wang, Y., Dun, W., Han, W., Xu, C., Sun, Q., and Wang, Z. (2022). Effect of ultrasonic degradation on the physicochemical property and bioactivity of polysaccharide produced by Chaetomium globosum CGMCC 6882. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.941524"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138841","article-title":"Compact mid-infrared tunable interband-cascade laser-based spectrometer: Characterization and outlook for Amide-I region chemical sensing","volume":"447","author":"Erdem","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c02793","article-title":"Temperature-dependent blue shifting of O\u2013H stretching frequencies in crystalline cellulose explained","volume":"124","author":"Stinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)80924-6","article-title":"Infrared absorption and raman scattering of sulfate groups of heparin and related glycosaminoglycans in aqueous solution","volume":"63","author":"Cabassi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1139\/v61-027","article-title":"Characteristic vibrations of the sulphuryl group","volume":"39","author":"Robinson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(00)00151-X","article-title":"FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds: Pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses","volume":"43","author":"Kacurakova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-015-0255-0","article-title":"An immune-enhancing water-soluble \u03b1-glucan from Chlorella vulgaris and structural characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Tabarsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(97)00236-X","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization by 13C-CP-MAS-and high resolution 1H-, 13C-NMR of new ureido sugars, derivatives of methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-\u03b2-d-glucopyranose and dipeptides","volume":"304","author":"Temeriusz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00364a014","article-title":"D-idose: A one-and two-dimensional NMR investigation of solution composition and conformation","volume":"51","author":"Snyder","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.06.079","article-title":"Structural characterization and antitumor activity of a pectic polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1021\/jo100521g","article-title":"N-acetyl side-chains in saccharides: NMR J-coupling equations sensitive to CH\u2212NH and NH\u2212CO bond conformations in 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-aldohexopyranosyl rings","volume":"75","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107049","article-title":"Insights into the structure-bioactivity relationships of marine sulfated polysaccharides: A review","volume":"123","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, X., Yu, P., Li, Y., Feng, R., Lv, D., Song, Z., Geng, T., Qin, Y., Li, Y., and Li, Z. (2026). Analysis methods and structure\u2013activity relationships of polysaccharides in sea cucumber: A review. Mar. Drugs, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/md24020054"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.02.120","article-title":"The antioxidant potential of the New Zealand surf clams","volume":"204","author":"Odeleye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107851","article-title":"Antioxidant and bioactive lipid differences between Sydney rock oysters Saccostrea glomerata and Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas","volume":"74","author":"Ebner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117318","article-title":"Effects of dry-heating time on the physicochemical properties of abalone myofibrillar protein-polysaccharide conjugates and the antioxidant activity of their in vitro digestion products","volume":"221","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.105888","article-title":"Enhanced antioxidant potential of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion products derived from abalone myofibrillar protein-glucose conjugates based on structural changes","volume":"64","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Dong, Y., and Li, Z. (2025). Research on antioxidant activity of oyster polysaccharide and processing technology of compound tablet candy. Mod. Food, 122\u2013127."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.07.047","article-title":"Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of polysaccharides from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116961","article-title":"Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of neutral polysaccharides from oyster (Crassostrea rivularis)","volume":"212","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2025.101188","article-title":"Upcycled sulfated glycosaminoglycan-rich hydrolysates from abalone (Haliotis spp.) viscera exhibit wide spectrum antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.012","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: Should we ban in vitro screening methods?","volume":"264","author":"Granato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00729K","article-title":"Identification of novel antioxidant peptides from sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) and its neuroprotective effect in 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasehinde, T.A., Olaniran, A.O., and Okoh, A.I. (2020). Sulfated polysaccharides of some seaweeds exhibit neuroprotection via mitigation of oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction and inhibition of Zn\u2013induced neuronal damage in HT-22 cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03047-7"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c06433","article-title":"Structurally modified polysaccharides: Physicochemical properties, biological activities, structure\u2013activity relationship, and applications","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry6040038","article-title":"Sulfation of various polysaccharide structures: Different methods and perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Berezhnaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, A., Dave, D., and Shahidi, F. (2022). Antioxidant potential of sea cucumbers and their beneficial effects on human health. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20080521"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., Li, K., Yang, M., Qin, X., Li, Z., and Du, Y. (2026). The influence of monosaccharide composition on the bioactivity of medicinal plant polysaccharides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073075"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145888","article-title":"Edible mushroom polysaccharides: Structural characteristics, chemical modification strategies, and structure-activity relationship: A review","volume":"320","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/10\/1203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:49:14Z","timestamp":1779356954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/10\/1203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18101203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18101203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}