{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T05:05:13Z","timestamp":1779512713424,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presently, there is little to no literature that investigates the effect of electron beams on para-aramid (Kevlar\u00ae) fiber polymer (KFRP) composites. Therefore, we assessed the effect of homogeneous low-potential electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) on Kevlar-reinforced recyclable thermoplastic (TP) polypropylene (PP) (KFRPP). Samples were assembled in an interlayered configuration of four-sized KF plies between five PP sheets [PP1-KF1-PP2-KF2-PP3-KF2-PP2-KF1-PP1] designated [PP]5[KF]4, which were hot-pressed at 493 K at 4 MPa for 7 min. Experimental results show when an HLEBI setting of 250 kV cathode potential (Vc) at an 86 kGy dose is applied to finished sample surfaces, the Charpy impact strength (auc) at median fracture probability (Pf of 0.50) is increased 59% from 72.5 kJ\/m2 when untreated to 115.6 kJ\/m2 thereafter, while a 170 kV\u2013129 kGy setting increased auc about 15%, to 83.3 kJ\/m2, when compared to the untreated sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the 250 kV\u201386 kGy HLEBI increases KF\/PP adhesion with increased consolidation and KF bundling, while the electron spin resonance (ESR) showed HLEBI generates dangling bonds (DBs) in KF and PP, which is evidence of the strengthening KF\/PP interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the N1s spectrum of Kevlar fiber from the fracture region of the untreated sample showed a dominant peak at 399.5 eV with 82.7% area, which is characteristic of the Kevlar backbone N\u2013(C=O)\u2013, indicating poor adhesion with fiber pullout. However, the dominant peak was shifted in the 250 kV\u201386 kGy sample to that of strongly bonded imines, \u2013C=N\u2013, at 398.6 eV and 36.8%, indicating strong bonds generated at the KF\/PP interface. Together, the N1s, C1s and O1s spectra indicate increased polar groups, reduced weak Van der Waals forces, and the generation of a strong active nitrogen-containing interphase, acting to reduce fiber pullout to increase the impact strength of the [PP]5[KF]4 composite system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18101231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1779107800000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electron Beam Irradiation for Impact Strength Enhancement of Kevlar Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2877-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Irie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouhei","family":"Sagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6329-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut Takahiro","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Faudree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, TCU (Tokyo City University), Yokohama 224-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Salvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes (LTDS), ECL (Ecole Centrale de Lyon), CEDEX, 69134 Ecully, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitake","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, 4-1, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan"},{"name":"KISTEC (Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science & Technology), 705-1, Shimoimaizumi, Ebina 243-0435, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Young, A. 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