{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T05:03:05Z","timestamp":1779858185040,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFC3801600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3801600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-temperature conditioning is a key procedure in the flexibility evaluation of waterproofing membranes and directly affects the reliability of subsequent performance assessments. However, the internal unsteady-state heat transfer kinetics and the thermal gradient evolution mechanisms in multi-layer composite membranes under transient cold shocks require further investigation. Focusing on commonly utilized 3 mm and 4 mm thick SBS (Styrene\u2013Butadiene\u2013Styrene)-modified bitumen waterproofing membranes as subjects, this study investigated the internal dynamic temperature fields and microstructural response of bituminous waterproofing membranes under standard low-temperature flexibility testing conditions. By accurately pre-embedding micro-temperature sensors in situ at the interface between the surface layer and the reinforcement matrix, the transient thermal response profiles of specimens with varying specifications in a \u221225 \u00b0C liquid environment were quantified. Simultaneously, a three-dimensional transient heat conduction finite element model was established to elucidate the dynamic evolution of internal spatial temperature gradients. The congruence between experimental and numerical results demonstrates that upon exposure to extreme cold, composite membranes of different thicknesses exhibit a pronounced \u201csurface-to-core\u201d heat transfer lag effect. The cooling rate maximized within the initial 10 min of exposure. Conversely, the internal interface layer\u2014acting as a high-thermal-resistance zone and the most unfavorable point for heat conduction\u2014necessitated 10~20 min of nonlinear thermal dissipation to stabilize at the target ambient temperature. This study clarifies the transient thermal response and temperature-field evolution laws of bituminous waterproofing membranes, providing a robust theoretical framework for elucidating low-temperature embrittlement mechanisms and informing the material design and application of waterproofing projects in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18111294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T11:57:44Z","timestamp":1779710264000},"page":"1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of Temperature-Field Evolution and Microstructural Response in Bituminous Waterproofing Membranes Under Low-Temperature Flexibility Testing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Accreditation Institute of Conformity Assessment, Beijing 100062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Building Standard Design and Research, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Effect of Low-temperature Isothermal Conditioning on Glass Transition in Asphalt Binders","volume":"8","author":"Hesp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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