{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:01Z","timestamp":1785408601193,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agritech National Research Center - European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)) (MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4\u2212D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agritech National Research Center - European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)) (MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4\u2212D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Agritech National Research Center - European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)) (MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4\u2212D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agritech National Research Center - European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)) (MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4\u2212D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Present research is focused on the preparation and characterization of bio-based polymer blends intended for sustainable food-packaging applications, starting from poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate) (PBF), characterized by very good barrier performance but quite high mechanical rigidity. In order to further improve gas permeability and increase its ductility, binary blends were prepared, combining PBF with varying amounts of poly(pentamethylene furanoate) (PPeF), another furan-based polyester with outstanding mechanical flexibility and gas barrier properties. The resulting materials were processed into compression-molded films and investigated through molecular, morphological, structural, thermal, and mechanical analyses. Blending turned out to be the winning tool in order to keep the high thermal stability of the reference homopolymers, increasing, at the same time, mechanical ductility and further lowering the permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide compared to those measured for neat PBF. All these results were achieved without the use of any compatibilizer. Lastly, in order to test the end of life of these materials, composting studies were carried out, revealing a higher degree of weight loss for the blends compared with PBF homopolymer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18111372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:09:16Z","timestamp":1780301356000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable and High-Performance Food-Packaging Films from Poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate) and Poly(pentamethylene 2,5-furanoate) Blends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5186-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelina","family":"Soccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Siracusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Salatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry \u201cToso Montanari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7976-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Lotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agro-Food Research, CIRI-AGRO, Via Q. Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). Plastics\u2014The Fast Facts 2025, Plastics Europe. Available online: https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/plastics-the-fast-facts-2025\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). European Commission\u2014Circular Economy Action Plan. Available online: https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/strategy\/circular-economy_en."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). European Commission\u2014Plastics Strategy & Circular Economy. Available online: https:\/\/research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu\/research-area\/environment\/circular-economy\/plastics-circular-economy_en."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.06.034","article-title":"Recent advances in biopolymer synthesis, properties, & commercial applications: A review","volume":"145","author":"Getahun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100085","article-title":"Recent advances of sustainable and recyclable polymer materials from renewable resources","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Resour. Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). Flexible Packaging Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.flexpack.org\/sustainable-packaging#:~:text=Sustainability%20Benefits%20of%20Flexible%20Packaging,Source%20Reduction."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). Fortune Business Insights. Plastic Packaging Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Material (Polyethylene [High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)], Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS), & Bioplastic), By Product Type (Rigid Plastic [Bottles & Jars, Containers, Trays & Pallets, IBCs & Drums, Caps & Closures] and Flexible Plastic [Bags, Pouches & Sachets, Films & Laminates, Tapes & Labels, Tubes]), By End-use Industry (Food & Beverage, Healthcare, Home Care & Personal Care, Industrial, E-commerce), and Regional Forecast. 2026\u20132034. Available online: https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/plastic-packaging-market-110535#:~:text=Market%20Size%20&%20Forecast:,Japan%20are%20bolstering%20regional%20expansion."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2026, March 31). Flexible Packaging Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.flexpack-europe.org\/key-sustainability-facts."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multilayer packaging recycling: Challenges, current practices, and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"Ciawi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad. Environ. Sci. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163633","article-title":"Advancements in the production methods and recycling of multilayer plastics with sustainable applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"515","author":"Alreshidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, A., Suthar, S.S., and Amesho, K.T.T. (2025). Plastic Waste: Management Strategies and Challenges in the Developing World. Solid Waste Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-78420-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.112059","article-title":"Integrative technical, economic, and environmental sustainability analysis for the development process of biomass-derived 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid","volume":"157","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c09659","article-title":"Recent Advances in Direct Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid from Carbohydrates","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Smith, R.L., and Guo, H. (2025). Recent Advances in 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Production from Biomass Derived Resources via Catalytic Processes. Production of Organic Acids and Alcohols from Agricultural Residues and Food Wastes. Biofuels and Biorefineries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39916-3","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of the production processes for high-value biomass derivatives HMF and FDCA","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC06303E","article-title":"Critical evaluation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) production from biomass: Perspectives on reaction pathways, catalytic systems, and process optimization","volume":"28","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2026","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2025.114364","article-title":"Advances in the research of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)-based polymers","volume":"241","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c01123","article-title":"Polyesters Using Bioderived Furandicarboxylic Acid: Recent Advancement and Challenges toward Green PET","volume":"12","author":"Sahu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2026, May 18). Furandicarboxylic Acid Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Application (Polyesters, Polyamides, Polycarbonates, Plasticizers, Others), By End-Use (Textiles, Packaging, Carpets, Electronics, Automotive, Others) and Regional Forecast. 2026\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/furandicarboxylic-acid-market-102915."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5961","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY00686D","article-title":"Biobased polyesters and other polymers from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: A tribute to furan excellency","volume":"6","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1021\/ma5000199","article-title":"Chain mobility, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene furanoate) compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate)","volume":"47","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Macromol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzopoulou, Z., Zamboulis, A., Papadopoulos, L., Grigora, M.-E., Tsongas, K., Tzetzis, D., Bikiaris, D.N., and Papageorgiou, G.Z. (2022). Blending PLA with Polyesters Based on 2,5-Furan Dicarboxylic Acid: Evaluation of Physicochemical and Nanomechanical Properties. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214725"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidotti, G., Palumbo, A., Soccio, M., Gazzano, M., Salatelli, E., Siracusa, V.M., and Lotti, N. (2024). Fully Bio-Based Blends of Poly (Pentamethylene Furanoate) and Poly (Hexamethylene Furanoate) for Sustainable and Flexible Packaging. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16162342"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/00222358008080917","article-title":"Polymer Blends","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2024.2394300","article-title":"Development of bio-based polymeric blends\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Maitra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, M., Sousa, A.F., Mendon\u00e7a, P.V., and Silvestre, A.J.D. (2019). Co-Polymers based on Poly(1,4-butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) and Poly(propylene oxide) with Tuneable Thermal Properties: Synthesis and Characterization. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12020328"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bondi, E., Restivo, E., Soccio, M., Guidotti, G., Bloise, N., Motta, I., Gazzano, M., Ruggeri, M., Fassina, L., and Visai, L. (2025). Design and Characterization of Aromatic Copolyesters Containing Furan and Isophthalic Rings with Suitable Properties for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136470"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidotti, G., Soccio, M., Gazzano, M., Siracusa, V., and Lotti, N. (2023). New Random Aromatic\/Aliphatic Copolymers of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic and Camphoric Acids with Tuneable Mechanical Properties and Exceptional Gas Barrier Capability for Sustainable Mono-Layered Food Packaging. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104056"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.10.009","article-title":"Synthesis and structure\u2014property relationship of biobased poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate)\u2014block\u2014(dimerized fatty acid) copolymers","volume":"130","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2024.113477","article-title":"Fully biobased poly(butylene furanoate) copolyesters from renewable 2,3-butanediol: Much more than just strengthening and toughening","volume":"220","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135997","article-title":"Development of poly(butylene oxalate-co-furanoate) copolymers with enhanced sustainability and hydrolytic degradability","volume":"480","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredi, G., Santi, S., Soccio, M., Lotti, N., and Dorigato, A. (2025). Electrospun Poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate) and Poly(pentamethylene 2,5-furanoate) Mats: Structure\u2013Property Relationships and Thermo-Mechanical and Biological Characterization. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040841"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-025-03511-w","article-title":"Toughening Biodegradable Poly(glycolic acid) with Balanced Mechanical Properties by Biobased Poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate)","volume":"33","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.125615","article-title":"Blending as a process for controlling the properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF): Fully biobased PEF\/PBF blends","volume":"266","author":"Poulopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, M., F. Sousa, A., H. C. S. Silva, N., S. R. Freire, C., Andrade, M., Mendes, A., and J. D. Silvestre, A. (2018). Furanoate-Based Nanocomposites: A Case Study Using Poly(Butylene 2,5-Furanoate) and Poly(Butylene 2,5-Furanoate)-co-(Butylene Diglycolate) and Bacterial Cellulose. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10080810"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c04306","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics in Nanocomposites Based on Renewable Poly(butylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate) In Situ Reinforced by Montmorillonite Nanoclays: Effects of Clay Modification, Crystallization, and Hydration","volume":"124","author":"Klonos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20230060","article-title":"Biobased composites of poly(butylene furanoate) copolymers and hemp","volume":"61","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9558","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c02840","article-title":"Fully Biobased Superpolymers of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid with Different Functional Properties: From Rigid to Flexible, High Performant Packaging Materials","volume":"8","author":"Guidotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17863","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b04407","article-title":"Evidence of a 2D-Ordered Structure in Biobased Poly(pentamethylene furanoate) Responsible for Its Outstanding Barrier and Mechanical Properties","volume":"7","author":"Guidotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c02297","article-title":"Evidence of Nanostructure Development from the Molecular Dynamics of Poly(pentamethylene 2,5-furanoate)","volume":"53","author":"Soccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(1982). Standard Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Standard No. ASTM D1434-82)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(1992). Determination of Permeability of Rubber to Gases (Standard No. DIN 53536)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2026). Draft International Standard (DIS)Plastics Film and Sheeting\u2014Determination of Gas-Transmission Rate\u2014Part 1: Differential-Pressure Methods. (Standard No. ISO\/DIS 15105-1)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111792","article-title":"Ecofriendly synthetic strategies for the realization of FDCA-based polymer films for sustainable, flexible and recyclable\/compostable food packaging","volume":"244","author":"Guidotti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, A.J. (2000). Handbook of Polyethylene, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295467"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2026.123024","article-title":"Sustainable cellulose-reinforced polybutylene succinate biocomposites: Fabrication, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability evaluation","volume":"242","author":"Kassie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045","article-title":"Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties","volume":"95","author":"Carrasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Wunderlich, B. (2005). Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, Springer."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.864-867.751","article-title":"The influence of the degree of crystallinity on the glass transition temperature of polymers","volume":"864\u2013867","author":"Askadskii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperling, L.H. (2005). Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, Wiley. [6th ed.]. Chapter 5.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471757128"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1021\/ma3023298","article-title":"Poly(butylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate), a Biobased Alternative to PBT: Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Crystal Structure","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.1987.090250301","article-title":"Influence of structural and morphological factors on the mechanical properties of the polyethylenes","volume":"25","author":"Popli","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9040","DOI":"10.1021\/ma201482b","article-title":"Influence of Chain Stiffness on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Thin Films","volume":"44","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13742","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c04092","article-title":"Novel biobased polylactic acid\/poly(pentamethylene 2,5-furanoate) blends for sustainable food packaging","volume":"9","author":"Rigotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03448-4","article-title":"Nucleation and crystallization of poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) by direct blending of microcrystalline cellulose: Improved tensile and barrier properties","volume":"27","author":"Mahmud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201000136","article-title":"Poly(butylene succinate) and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2010.10.001","article-title":"Processing and shelf life issues of selected food packaging materials and structures from renewable resources","volume":"22","author":"Mensitieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184\u22122193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b00333","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide Sorption and Transport in Amorphous Poly(ethylene furanoate)","volume":"48","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2014.07.041","article-title":"Oxygen sorption and transport in amorphous poly(ethylene furanoate)","volume":"55","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kutz, M. (2012). Barrier Packaging Materials. Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890\u22122896","DOI":"10.1021\/ma902865e","article-title":"Continuous cooling curves diagrams of propene\/ethylene random copolymers. The role of ethylene counits in mesophase development","volume":"43","author":"Cavallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132996","article-title":"Bio-based and one-day compostable poly(diethylene 2,5-furanoate) for sustainable flexible food packaging: Effect of ether-oxygen atom insertion on the final properties","volume":"291","author":"Quattrosoldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2020.100978","article-title":"Cracks outrun erosion in degradable polymers","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2025.114480","article-title":"Optimization of intermolecular interactions in poly(propylene 2,4-furanoate) copolymers: An ecodesign case study towards high-performance, biobased, biodegradable food packaging","volume":"243","author":"Bianchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimczuk, B., Rudnicka, A., Owczarek, O., Puszkarz, A.K., Szparaga, G., and Puchalski, M. (2024). Investigation of the Hydrolytic Degradation Kinetics of 3D-Printed PLA Structures under a Thermally Accelerated Regime. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17051043"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.072","article-title":"Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the properties of red rice starch","volume":"141","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13580","article-title":"Thermophilic whole-cell degradation of polyethylene terephthalate using engineered Clostridium thermocellum","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/11\/1372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:22:06Z","timestamp":1780719726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/11\/1372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18111372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18111372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}}}