{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:48:50Z","timestamp":1785408530833,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il","award":["RG-25 094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-25 094"]}]},{"award":["RG-25 094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-25 094"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013w98a82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer and multidrug-resistant microbial infections remain major global health challenges, underscoring the need for multifunctional, biocompatible, and environmentally sustainable therapeutic platforms. Herein, selenium\u2013hyaluronic acid nanoconjugates (Se\/HA NPs) were synthesized through an eco-friendly ascorbic acid-mediated reduction approach to improve the bio-functional stability and therapeutic performance of selenium-based nanomaterials. The formation of Se\/HA NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis supported the involvement of ascorbic acid- and hyaluronic acid-associated functional groups in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. TEM revealed well-dispersed, predominantly spherical nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 29.72 to 80.38 nm, while XRD confirmed their crystalline nature with an average crystallite size of 31.2 nm. Biologically, Se\/HA NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (21 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm), Escherichia coli (25 mm), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27 mm), outperforming hyaluronic acid alone and showing activity comparable to standard antibiotics, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.62 \u00b5g\/mL. Notably, Se\/HA NPs showed pronounced antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with an inhibition zone of 34 mm and an MIC of 7.8 \u00b5g\/mL. In MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, Se\/HA NPs demonstrated potent cytotoxicity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.36 \u00b5g\/mL compared with 746.37 \u00b5g\/mL for hyaluronic acid. Moreover, Se\/HA NPs enhanced wound closure to 73.41% and showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 of 5.37 \u00b5g\/mL, demonstrating multifunctional bioactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18111376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:19:42Z","timestamp":1780316382000},"page":"1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco-Friendly Selenium-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoconjugates with Potent Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Qanash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Bazaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaida","family":"Alsaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Alharazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif K.","family":"Binsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Muhammad, K., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186624"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101399","article-title":"Recent advancements in selenium nanoconstructs as a potential carrier in cancer therapy","volume":"40","author":"Kudarha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlec, A.F., Corciova, A., Boev, M., Batir-Marin, D., Mircea, C., Cioanca, O., Danila, G., Danila, M., Bucur, A.F., and Hancianu, M. (2023). Current Overview of Metal Nanoparticles\u2019 Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications, with a Focus on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101410"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahya, R., Al-Rajhi, A.M.H., Alzaid, S.Z., Al Abboud, M.A., Almuhayawi, M.S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Selim, S., Ismail, K.S., and Abdelghany, T.M. (2022). Molecular Docking and Efficacy of Aloe vera Gel Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles against Helicobacter pylori and Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14152994"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03257-8","article-title":"Green fabrication of nanocomposite doped with selenium nanoparticle\u2013based starch and glycogen with its therapeutic activity: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Abdelghany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6767","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-05451-2","article-title":"Green synthesis of bimetallic Se@TiO2NPs and their formulation into biopolymers and their utilization as antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and healing agent in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Alghonaim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25835-2","article-title":"Innovative vaginal wash formulation with Chitosan nanoparticles targets microbial pathogens, ovarian cancer and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Alsalamah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.12.001","article-title":"A review on selenium nanoparticles and their biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Karthik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-024-02742-6","article-title":"An Insight into Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities of Trimetallic Se\/ZnO\/CuO Nanoalloys Fabricated by Aqueous Extract of Nitraria retusa","volume":"36","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77353-2","article-title":"Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Cassia javanica flowers extract and their medical and agricultural applications","volume":"14","author":"Soliman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2026.100451","article-title":"Recent advances in the green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant extracts for biomedical and water remediation applications","volume":"9","author":"Chauhan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00615","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles: Synthesis, in-vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and interaction studies with ct-DNA and HSA, HHb and Cyt c serum proteins","volume":"30","author":"Shahabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102946","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles: Eco-friendly synthesis, biological activities and biomedical applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Saad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, L., Li, L., Sun, X., Cheng, S., and He, J. (2025). Recent Advances Towards Selenium Nanoparticles: Synthetic Methods, Functional Mechanisms, and Biological Applications. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14213640"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.014","article-title":"Antitumor activity of hyaluronic acid\u2013selenium nanoparticles in Heps tumor mice models","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S157519","article-title":"siRNA-loaded selenium nanoparticle modified with hyaluronic acid for enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma therapy","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iaconisi, G.N., Lunetti, P., Gallo, N., Cappello, A.R., Fiermonte, G., Dolce, V., and Capobianco, L. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid: A Powerful Biomolecule with Wide-Ranging Applications-A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210296"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, S., Hascall, V.C., Markwald, R.R., and Ghatak, S. (2015). Interactions between Hyaluronan and Its Receptors (CD44, RHAMM) Regulate the Activities of Inflammation and Cancer. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00201"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02302-0","article-title":"CD44-targeting hyaluronic acid-selenium nanoparticles boost functional recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113869","article-title":"Selenium-copper hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: A novel green synthesis for improved anticancer activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells","volume":"173","author":"Vafadar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-024-01808-y","article-title":"Bimetallic selenium\/zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biological activity and plant biostimulant properties","volume":"15","author":"Selim","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2021.643.655","article-title":"Effect of Thevetia peruviana seeds extract for microbial pathogens and cancer control","volume":"17","author":"Abdelghany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zimmer, B.L., Carpenter, D.E., Esparza, G., Alby, K., Bhatnagar, A., Ferrell, A.L., Flemming, L., Huband, M.D., Jim\u00e9nez-Pearson, A., and Kircher, S.M. (2026, May 26). CLSI M07, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.bfldr.com\/YLD4EVFU\/at\/ff6qbv6bxmgzmg9vwb9fgkc\/m07ed12e_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019). Susceptibility Testing of Infectious Agents and Evaluation of Performance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Devices, Part 1: Broth Micro-Dilution Reference Method for Testing the In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Against Rapidly Growing Aerobic Bacteria Involved in Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition (Standard No. ISO 20776-1). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/70464.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5961","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.19.3.5961-5977","article-title":"Evaluating the anti-yeast, anti-diabetic, wound healing activities of Moringa oleifera extracted at different conditions of pressure via supercritical fluid extraction","volume":"19","author":"Almehayawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsalamah, S.A., Alghonaim, M.I., Jusstaniah, M., and Abdelghany, T.M. (2023). Anti-Yeasts, Antioxidant and Healing Properties of Henna Pre-Treated by Moist Heat and Molecular Docking of Its Major Constituents, Chlorogenic and Ellagic Acids, with Candida albicans and Geotrichum candidum Proteins. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13091839"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alawlaqi, M.M., Al-Rajhi, A.M.H., Abdelghany, T.M., Ganash, M., and Moawad, H. (2023). Evaluation of Biomedical Applications for Linseed Extract: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060300"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17617","DOI":"10.1021\/la1033959","article-title":"Creation of highly stable selenium nanoparticles capped with hyperbranched polysaccharide in water","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13363","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13363","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of selenium nanoparticles decorated by Spirulina platensis polysaccharide","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22219","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c01484","article-title":"Engineering CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Quantum Dot-Embedded Borosilicate Glass through Self-Crystallization Facilitated by NaF as a Phosphor for Full-Color Illumination and Laser-Driven Projection Displays","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.04.050","article-title":"A photoelectrochemical methodology to obtain nanorods of crystalline hexagonal trigonal selenium","volume":"820","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.20.4.10008-10027","article-title":"Green Synthesis of CuO and Se Nanoparticles and CuO\/Se Agglomerates of NPs by Anabasis setifera Biomass Extract: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Activities","volume":"20","author":"Shubaily","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2326-y","article-title":"Improvement Production of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Sugarcane Molasses","volume":"182","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.12.038","article-title":"Identification and antioxidant activity of hyaluronic acid extracted from local isolates of Streptococcus thermophilus","volume":"60","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpbao.2023.100001","article-title":"Fluorescent nanoprobe prepared from hyaluronic acid modified iron selenide nanoparticles for real-time detection of hyaluronidase as tumor marker","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2026.125121","article-title":"A glucose-triggered self-reinforcing hydrogel based on carboxymethyl chitosan\/oxidized hyaluronic acid\/borax for delivering nano-selenium and dynamic diabetic wound management","volume":"380","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603517749919","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13201","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid enhances cell migration, viability, and mineralized tissue-specific genes in cementoblasts","volume":"59","author":"Hakki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.26549","article-title":"Microwave-assisted hydrothermal green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles incorporated with hyaluronic acid methacrylate\/gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for wound healing applications","volume":"64","author":"Nejati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102413","article-title":"Selenium-functionalized hyaluronic acid dissolvable microneedle patch synergistic herbal shikonin-loaded tetrahedral framework nucleic acids for psoriasis therapy","volume":"35","author":"Zhuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/11\/1376\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:42:12Z","timestamp":1780317732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/18\/11\/1376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym18111376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym18111376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}