{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:02:20Z","timestamp":1780498940928,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Harbin Science and Technology Plan Self-funded Project","award":["ZC2023ZJ010015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC2023ZJ010015"]}]},{"name":"the Key Educational Science Planning Project of Heilongjiang Province","award":["GJB1424358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJB1424358"]}]},{"name":"the Development of Smart Underground Pipeline Information System"},{"name":"the Development of Hongsong Holiday Hotel Management System"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea anemones detect external stimuli through the deformation of their soft tentacles, which exhibit multi-directional force sensitivity. Inspired by this mechanism, we designed a capacitive three-dimensional force flexible tactile sensor composed of a hollow hemisphere and a hollow cylinder. The device was fabricated using 3D printing combined with a Layer-By-Layer assembly process. For normal forces, the sensor achieved sensitivities of approximately 0.66 N\u22121 in the 0\u20131 N range and 0.15 N\u22121 in the 2\u201310 N range. For tangential forces, the four symmetrically distributed electrodes exhibited opposite monotonic capacitance variation trends. The sensor exhibited a force resolution of 0.02 N, a lower detection limit of 0.04 N, a hysteresis error as low as 3.5%, and a response\/recovery time of up to 50 ms under a 0\u201310 N load. Moreover, the device demonstrated good stability under 1000 load\u2013unload cycles and over a temperature range from 20 \u00b0C to 100 \u00b0C. Its utility was further validated through multi-scenario applications, including game controller manipulation, gripper-based object recognition, Morse code and Huffman coding transmission, as well as multi-joint human motion detection. These results demonstrate that the proposed bioinspired sensor offers a promising solution for flexible force sensing, human\u2013machine interaction, and wearable health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18111388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Sea Anemone Tentacle-Inspired Capacitive 3D Force Flexible Tactile Sensor for Human\u2013Machine Interaction and Encoding Communication Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4427-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xide","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Harbin Guangsha College, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuheng","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongwei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lupeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11475","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202511475","article-title":"Flexible Tactile Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, Structures, and Multifaceted Applications","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X., Zhang, W., Lv, M., Huang, T., Xi, J., and Yuan, Z. 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