{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:29:45Z","timestamp":1785403785960,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52478349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51778353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52478349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478349"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51978390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978390"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51778353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778353"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology International Cooperation Project","award":["2025-HE-806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-HE-806"]}]},{"award":["2025-HE-806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-HE-806"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vz7b375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2023 Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province","award":["2023-ZJ-756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZJ-756"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC 202506890127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC 202506890127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CSC 202506890127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC 202506890127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04atp4p48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymeric geosynthetics serve as fundamental components of engineered composite liners in waste containment facilities. The interface shear behavior between a coextruded textured geomembrane (GMTC) and a bentonite\u2013polymer composite geosynthetic clay liner (BPC-GCL) was investigated under both dry and hydrated conditions, with varying polymer content (0%, 3.5%, and 5.5%), using large-scale direct shear tests. Hydration of BPC-GCL was found to significantly reduce GMTC\/BPC-GCL interface shear strengths, with the magnitude of reduction increasing with normal stress. For the BPC-GCL with 3.5% polymer content, the peak strength at 400 kPa decreased by 36% from 272 kPa (dry) to 175 kPa (hydrated), which was attributed to bentonite softening and reduced frictional resistance. Polymer content non-linearly influenced shear behavior. At 400 kPa, the 3.5% BPC-GCL exhibited an 18% higher peak strength than the conventional GCL, while the 5.5% BPC-GCL showed a 9% reduction compared to the 3.5% specimen, attributed to internal structural damage and interfacial lubrication. Visual post-shear inspections revealed that dry conditions promoted interfacial friction-dominated failure, while hydration induced significant internal BPC-GCL damage, including fiber break and bentonite extrusion. The failure mode shifted with polymer content, and conventional GCL failed through internal bentonite deformation, while BPC-GCL exhibited a composite mechanism combining internal reinforcement and interfacial friction, with the 3.5% BPC-GCL demonstrating a more favorable composite effect than the 5.5% BPC-GCL. The study underscored the critical roles of hydration conditions and polymer modification in governing the shear mechanisms and strength at the GMTC\/BPC-GCL interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18121423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1780885966000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shear Behavior of GMTC\/BPC-GCL Interface Under Dry and Hydrated Conditions with Varying Polymer Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020081","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002239","article-title":"Protecting the Environment with Geosynthetics: 53rd Karl Terzaghi Lecture","volume":"146","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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