{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:44:57Z","timestamp":1792035897753,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":290,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Xi\u2019an","award":["2024JH-NYYB-0146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JH-NYYB-0146"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Xi\u2019an","award":["2023NYGG0049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NYGG0049"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDCYKCX20250901094205007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDCYKCX20250901094205007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20230807145208018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807145208018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024NC-YBXM-233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-233"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogel-based sensors have emerged as transformative soft-sensing platforms, featuring tissue-matched compliance, high water content, stimuli responsiveness, and chemical tunability, properties which are unachievable with conventional rigid sensors. Despite substantial advances, the existing reviews focus on individual polymer categories, discrete transduction mechanisms, or targeted standalone applications, failing to establish an integrated pipeline from material design to final sensing performance. This review fills these crucial gaps by systematically correlating polymer chemistry, crosslinking tactics, and fabrication protocols with the selection of transduction mechanisms and resultant sensing performance across biomedical and environmental fields. We conduct a critical assessment of natural and synthetic polymers together with chemical, physical, and hybrid composite crosslinking methodologies. Multiple sensing modalities, including piezoresistive, capacitive, thermogalvanic, electrochemical, colorimetric, ratiometric fluorescence, and piezoionic sensing are elaborated alongside representative quantitative performance parameters. Emerging platforms, including self-powered thermogalvanic sensors, SERS-integrated biosensors, and MXene\/MOF composites, are highlighted as underexplored frontiers. In addition, persistent bottlenecks including dehydration-derived signal drift, inferior long-term operational stability, unsatisfactory target selectivity, and obstacles toward large-scale manufacturability are rigorously analyzed. Ultimately, this review constructs a holistic unified framework bridging polymer molecular design, fabrication engineering, signal transduction, and practical end-use applications, laying a clear developmental roadmap for next-generation flexible and smart hydrogel-based sensing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18121455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:48:35Z","timestamp":1781138915000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hydrogel-Based Sensors: Compositions, Fabrication, Sensing Mechanism, and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hassanain","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7012-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeesham","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of New Materials and Nanotechnolgies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow 119049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setti Sudharsan, M., Selvam, L., Mani, H., Pazhamalai, V., Nattanmai Mothilal, H., and Asaithambi, P. 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