{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:44:42Z","timestamp":1792154682914,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\/PrInt","award":["88887.310727\/2018-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.310727\/2018-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007082","name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/18405-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/18405-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023\/18405-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/18405-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041akq887","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrospinning (ES) can produce nonwoven fibrous mats with high surface area and interconnected porosity, making them attractive for biomedical and functional material applications. However, conventional ES often relies on volatile organic solvents, raising safety, environmental, and translational concerns. Fully aqueous (\u201cgreen\u201d) ES offers an appealing alternative, although many water-soluble polymers remain difficult to spin and may show limited stability under hydrated conditions. In this study, two fully aqueous binary systems, poly(vinylpyrrolidone)\u2013sodium alginate (PVP\u2013SA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)\u2013riboflavin (PVP\u2013RF), were investigated to decouple the roles of sodium alginate (SA) and riboflavin (RF) on solution behaviour, fibre formation, morphology, dry-state mechanical properties, and surface chemistry. Aqueous PVP solutions (20% w\/v; molecular weight 1.3 MDa) were blended with SA (1\u20135 wt% relative to PVP) or RF (1\u201310 wt% relative to PVP). Electrical conductivity and rheological properties were evaluated prior to ES under controlled conditions, with simultaneous ultraviolet (UV) exposure at 344 nm during fibre collection. RF did not significantly alter conductivity (~0.74\u20130.75 \u00b5S\u00b7cm\u22121), whereas SA increased conductivity up to 2.75 \u00b1 0.03 \u00b5S\u00b7cm\u22121 at 5 wt%. All formulations exhibited shear-thinning behaviour, while 10 wt% RF increased the zero-shear viscosity relative to neat PVP. Morphological analysis showed that low SA contents produced uniform fibres, whereas higher SA levels (4\u20135 wt%) led to bead defects and reduced fibre diameter (down to 85 \u00b1 25 nm). Dry-state mechanical performance decreased with increasing SA content, while 10 wt% RF improved tensile strength and toughness, reaching an ultimate tensile strength of 5.21 \u00b1 0.15 MPa and toughness of 40.51 \u00b1 1.53 MJ\u00b7m\u22123. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated subtle UV-driven redistribution of surface chemical states, consistent with mild photo-oxidative microstructural modification rather than extensive covalent network formation. Because the UV irradiance was not directly measured and wet-state stability was not assessed, the UV-related findings are interpreted as preliminary chemical evidence rather than confirmation of stabilized fibre mats. Overall, this work establishes a solvent-free aqueous ES platform in which ionic and photoactive additives can be used to tailor fibre morphology, dry-state mechanical behaviour, and surface characteristics without toxic reagents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18121536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1782121795000},"page":"1536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fully Aqueous Electrospinning of Binary PVP\/Sodium-Alginate and PVP\/Riboflavin Nanofibres: Additive Effects and UV-Assisted Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8779-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia C.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilmar P.","family":"Thim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plasmas and Processes, Department of Physics, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica (ITA), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12228-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Jorg","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, \u00dcberlandstrasse 129, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio","family":"Fredel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Ji, P., Bu, T., Mao, Y., He, H., and Ge, N. 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