{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:45:27Z","timestamp":1785433527555,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0403\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0403\/25"]}]},{"name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 054TUKE-4\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 054TUKE-4\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 002TUKE-4\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 002TUKE-4\/2026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APVV-22-0340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["APVV-22-0340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0340"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037nx0e70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the intrinsic osteogenic potential of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP)-containing composite scaffolds (PLCL\u2013TCP, PLGA\u2013TCP, and ZnO\u2013TCP) on chorion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CMSCs) under non-osteogenic in vitro conditions. CMSCs were cultured on the three biomaterials for 35 days without osteogenic supplements to isolate the material-driven cellular response. Cell viability was assessed via MTT assay, while osteogenesis-associated markers (alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteocalcin) were quantified using ELISA. Scaffold surface morphology and elemental composition were characterized before and after cultivation utilizing SEM and EDX. All investigated scaffolds supported long-term CMSC viability and induced measurable osteogenic responses. PLCL\u2013TCP demonstrated a consistently strong biological response, characterized by sustained metabolic activity, elevated ALP and COL I production, and increased osteocalcin levels at later stages of cultivation. ZnO\u2013TCP also exhibited favorable osteogenesis-associated responses, particularly with respect to late-stage osteocalcin production, while maintaining high structural stability. In conclusion, \u03b2-TCP composites can intrinsically modulate CMSC behavior without biochemical supplements. Osteogenic outcomes depend on a complex interplay of surface chemistry, scaffold architecture, and degradation profiles, with PLCL\u2013TCP demonstrating favorable overall performance among the investigated biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18121543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:49:55Z","timestamp":1782121795000},"page":"1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of \u03b2-TCP-Based Composite Biomaterials Using Chorionic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Non-Osteogenic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"\u010cajkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Trebu\u0148ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darina","family":"Ba\u010denkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"I\u017ear\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Letn\u00e1 9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Dosedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef \u0160afarik University Hospital, AGEL Ko\u0161ice-\u0160aca, Pavol Jozef \u0160afarik University in Ko\u0161ice, 04015 Ko\u0161ice-\u0160aca, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozef","family":"\u017div\u010d\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2266","article-title":"The Processing and Application of Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Etbeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"AlQalam J. 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