{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:56:18Z","timestamp":1782989778431,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM) composites, particularly those based on eutectic gallium\u2013indium (EGaIn) and related alloys, have emerged as a promising materials platform for soft and deformable energy storage owing to their unique combination of metallic conductivity, fluidic deformability, and adaptive interfaces. Despite rapid advances in LM-enabled devices, binders remain insufficiently understood and are still commonly regarded as passive structural components. Here, we present a comprehensive binder-centered perspective for LM composites, establishing the binder as a key regulator of electro-chemo-mechanical coupling, interfacial stability, transport behavior, and processability in soft energy systems. We show that tailored binder chemistries in Ga-based LM systems\u2014including stretchable batteries, printable conductors, and soft electrochemical devices\u2014govern LM droplet dispersion, suppress coalescence and leakage, and preserve conductive percolation under large deformation, while enabling room-temperature fabrication and printability through rheological regulation and interfacial wetting. Beyond mechanical confinement, emerging binder functionalities\u2014including dynamic bonding, supramolecular interactions, ionically conductive networks, and reversible polymer architectures\u2014enable self-healing interfaces, adaptive transport pathways, and robust adhesion in deformable devices. By integrating recent advances in stretchable batteries, flexible supercapacitors, printable electronics, and multifunctional soft energy systems, we establish a unified multiscale framework linking binder molecular design to device-level electrochemical and mechanical performance. We further discuss sustainability and manufacturing considerations, including recyclable polymer networks, low-temperature fabrication, and scalable processing strategies. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities toward programmable binder systems with tunable viscoelasticity, interfacial reactivity, and adaptive functionality. This Review establishes binder-centered engineering as a key pathway for transforming LM composites from proof-of-concept materials into resilient, manufacturable, and multifunctional soft energy technologies for wearable, stretchable, and biointegrated electronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18131650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"1650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Binder-Centered Design of Sustainable Liquid Metal Composites for Adaptive Soft Energy Storage Systems: A Framework-Driven Perspective Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elahe","family":"Parvini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0195-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdollah","family":"Hajalilou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22718","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA03482H","article-title":"Sustainable stretchable batteries for next-generation wearables","volume":"11","author":"Rahmanudin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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